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then I ran this:

$ dmesg | grep tty

And got this:

[    0.000000] console [tty0] enabled
[    0.781927] 00:06: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A
[   14.034377] usb 2-1.5: ch341-uart converter now attached to ttyUSB0

I then run this:

$ avrdude -p m328p -c arduino -P /dev/ttyS0

and get this:

avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 3 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 4 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 5 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 6 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 7 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 8 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 9 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 10 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00

avrdude done.  Thank you.

At this point I also tried

$ avrdude -p m328p -c arduino -P /dev/ttyUSB0

Same result. At this point it seems to me I have a few fried arduinos. They were fine yesterday, but today, they're toast. Three computers, three cables, three arduinos, all the same result.

So, from here. Has anyone heard of a bad cable frying an arduino?

I also tried it on my Fedora 27 box. Here is dmesg output:

[349004.632101] usb 2-1.5: new full-speed USB device number 5 using ehci-pci
[349004.711497] usb 2-1.5: New USB device found, idVendor=1a86, idProduct=7523
[349004.711503] usb 2-1.5: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[349004.711507] usb 2-1.5: Product: USB2.0-Serial
[349004.713405] ch341 2-1.5:1.0: ch341-uart converter detected
[349004.714652] usb 2-1.5: ch341-uart converter now attached to ttyUSB0

------------- UPDATES --------------

I have now moved away from the arduino IDE and am working directly with avrdude. Still no luck. Running:

avrdude.exe -p m328p -c arduino -P COM6

fails.