diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man7')
41 files changed, 171 insertions, 171 deletions
diff --git a/man7/armscii-8.7 b/man7/armscii-8.7 index 8ec5abafb4..901e1a8dcb 100644 --- a/man7/armscii-8.7 +++ b/man7/armscii-8.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ hexadecimal .SH DESCRIPTION The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, 8-bit coded character set. -.SS "ArmSCII-8 characters" +.SS ArmSCII-8 characters The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/boot.7 b/man7/boot.7 index 3ce41c9356..811af3dc71 100644 --- a/man7/boot.7 +++ b/man7/boot.7 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ but can be roughly divided to the following steps: (iii) kernel startup, (iv) init and inittab, (v) boot scripts. We will describe each of these in more detail below. -.SS "Hardware-boot" +.SS Hardware-boot After power-on or hard reset, control is given to a program stored on read-only memory (normally PROM). @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ We do not cover here booting from network. Those who want to investigate this subject may want to research: DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot. -.SS "OS loader" +.SS OS loader In PC, the OS loader is located in the first sector of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR (Master Boot Record). @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ interactive use, to enable specification of alternative kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters to the kernel. -.SS "Kernel startup" +.SS Kernel startup When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process", called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ This process executes the program .IR /sbin/init , passing any parameters that weren't handled by the kernel already. -.SS "init and inittab" +.SS init and inittab When init starts it reads .I /etc/inittab for further instructions. @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and query the current run-level via However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts that actually start/stop the individual services. -.SS "Boot scripts" +.SS Boot scripts .TP Note: The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then start, "status" do display the service status). Running the script without parameters displays the possible arguments. -.SS "Sequencing directories" +.SS Sequencing directories To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR. These @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ To manage the boot order and run-levels, we have to manage these links. However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task (e.g: .BR chkconfig (8)). -.SS "Boot configuration" +.SS Boot configuration Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options and parameters. To allow system administrators to change these diff --git a/man7/bootparam.7 b/man7/bootparam.7 index d59e1618fb..36ee368d4a 100644 --- a/man7/bootparam.7 +++ b/man7/bootparam.7 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ into a SB compatible mode. Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset of the card that happens if one rebooted instead. -.SS "The argument list" +.SS The argument list The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings (boot arguments) separated by spaces. Most of the boot args take the form of: @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual daemons. Check the manual page for the version of init installed on your system to see what arguments it accepts. -.SS "General non-device specific boot arguments" +.SS General non-device specific boot arguments .TP .B "'init=...'" This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel. @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ instead jump through the BIOS. A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N. -.SS "Boot arguments for use by kernel developers" +.SS Boot arguments for use by kernel developers .TP .B "'debug'" Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline, buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control kernel buffer memory management. For kernel tuners only. -.SS "Boot arguments for ramdisk use" +.SS Boot arguments for ramdisk use (Only if the kernel was compiled with .BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .) In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ leave the initrd data under (This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as the last process that used it has closed .IR /dev/initrd .) -.SS "Boot arguments for SCSI devices" +.SS Boot arguments for SCSI devices General notation for this section: .I iobase @@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x, clock:x, next. For details, see .IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c . -.SS "Hard disks" +.SS Hard disks .TP .B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters" The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk @@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ xd=2,5,0x320,3 .B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks" .IP .BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]] -.SS "IBM MCA bus devices" +.SS IBM MCA bus devices See also .IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt . .TP @@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings: \&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'. The I/O base is that of the CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card. -.SS "Ethernet devices" +.SS Ethernet devices Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name. In its most generic form, it looks something like this: @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation of the param_n values where used. Interested readers should refer to the section in that document on their particular card. -.SS "The floppy disk driver" +.SS The floppy disk driver There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in .I Documentation/floppy.txt (or @@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected interrupts only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.) -.SS "The sound driver" +.SS The sound driver The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in values. This is not recommended, as it is rather complex. @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your own personal values as recommended. Using a boot arg of \&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely. -.SS "ISDN drivers" +.SS ISDN drivers .TP .B "The ICN ISDN driver" Syntax: @@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier. -.SS "Serial port drivers" +.SS Serial port drivers .TP .B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')" Syntax: @@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code. The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem, where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of afsk1200, fsk9600. -.SS "The line printer driver" +.SS The line printer driver .TP .B "'lp='" Syntax: @@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ lp=0. Syntax: .IP wdt=io,irq -.SS "Mouse drivers" +.SS Mouse drivers .TP .B "'bmouse=irq'" The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ x-threshold and y-threshold. Otherwise, the first argument is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold. These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2. -.SS "Video hardware" +.SS Video hardware .TP .B "'no-scroll'" This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll diff --git a/man7/capabilities.7 b/man7/capabilities.7 index f653b2db77..a663c223a6 100644 --- a/man7/capabilities.7 +++ b/man7/capabilities.7 @@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ The new permitted set must be a subset of the existing permitted set that the thread does not currently have). .IP 4. The new effective set must be a subset of the new permitted set. -.SS The """securebits"" flags: establishing a capabilities-only environment +.SS The securebits flags: establishing a capabilities-only environment .\" For some background: .\" see http://lwn.net/Articles/280279/ and .\" http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.lsm/5476/ diff --git a/man7/charsets.7 b/man7/charsets.7 index 6181d42509..45543f97bf 100644 --- a/man7/charsets.7 +++ b/man7/charsets.7 @@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ At the current time, the console driver does not handle combining characters. So Thai, Sioux and any other script needing combining characters can't be handled on the console. -.SS "ISO 2022 and ISO 4873" +.SS ISO 2022 and ISO 4873 The ISO 2022 and 4873 standards describe a font-control model based on VT100 practice. This model is (partially) supported diff --git a/man7/ddp.7 b/man7/ddp.7 index 1ab673f56a..74c831b4bc 100644 --- a/man7/ddp.7 +++ b/man7/ddp.7 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Raw sockets may be only opened by a process with effective user ID 0 or when the process has the .B CAP_NET_RAW capability. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number, a node number, and a port number. .PP @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis node.\(rq The value of is a link local broadcast address. .\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl] -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options No protocol-specific socket options are supported. .SS /proc interfaces IP supports a set of diff --git a/man7/futex.7 b/man7/futex.7 index c6900d001e..f9a156403d 100644 --- a/man7/futex.7 +++ b/man7/futex.7 @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Processes can share this integer using .BR mmap (2), via shared memory segments or because they share memory space, in which case the application is commonly called multithreaded. -.SS "Semantics" +.SS Semantics .PP Any futex operation starts in user space, but it may necessary to communicate with the kernel using the diff --git a/man7/glob.7 b/man7/glob.7 index 1041566530..9da6644795 100644 --- a/man7/glob.7 +++ b/man7/glob.7 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ These days there is also a library routine that will perform this function for a user program. The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13). -.SS "Wildcard matching" +.SS Wildcard matching A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq. Globbing is the operation @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq, this character must be matched explicitly. (Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.) -.SS "Empty lists" +.SS Empty lists The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX definition. diff --git a/man7/ipv6.7 b/man7/ipv6.7 index 1c8699abf0..c287978dd4 100644 --- a/man7/ipv6.7 +++ b/man7/ipv6.7 @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space. When you get an IPv4 connection or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped to v6 and it will be mapped to v6. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format .in +4n .nf struct sockaddr_in6 { @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address> for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6. .PP The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4. -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with .BR setsockopt (2) and read with diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 index 33b183f9cf..684c1af60b 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Spanish, and Swedish. .P Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters of ISO 10646 (Unicode). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-1 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-1 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 index eedfd9b27f..30c468b2fa 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ characters used in Nordic languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG .\" is not a "Nordic" country!). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-10 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-10 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 index 3480d6bce0..fa1e622360 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-11 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-11 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 index 6a6893943e..59a2c66f56 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages. .\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for .\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-13 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-13 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 index 9500baa607..0248a22833 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-14 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-14 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 index 21f6d66556..fbf4a495d1 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-15 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-15 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 index af21cfcdc5..f90b1b0514 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Romanian, Slovenian and Serbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-16 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-16 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 index 5086aa328b..2498d46fc1 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-2 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-2 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 index 38b68472cb..46b0698b46 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-3 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-3 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 index a235a16f47..34aa55c2e6 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4). -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-4 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-4 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 index ec9b67192d..5fa22d9eb3 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-5 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-5 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 index 26fb6e6ebe..0cbed1f72c 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-6 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-6 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 index 1bcb9dc53b..cb7acb1726 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-7 encodes the characters used in modern monotonic Greek. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-7 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-7 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 index 08f461b192..43adc5a6d0 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ISO 8859-8, or "ISO Hebrew" encodes the characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit). Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included, and Yiddish is not provided for. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-8 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-8 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 index 14eb0b8543..5981dc17bb 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-9, also known as the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish. -.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" +.SS ISO 8859 alphabets The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-9 characters" +.SS ISO 8859-9 characters The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-r.7 b/man7/koi8-r.7 index ac300d3ca0..d588144df1 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-r.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-r.7 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ area. .PP A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the ISO-8859-5 character set. -.SS "KOI8-R characters" +.SS KOI8-R characters The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-u.7 b/man7/koi8-u.7 index e4a939ddc7..4fad976ab6 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-u.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-u.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ KOI8-U is compatible with KOI8-R (RFC 1489) for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case) in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111. -.SS "KOI8-U characters" +.SS KOI8-U characters The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/man.7 b/man7/man.7 index eb3c318b68..0ac38284d9 100644 --- a/man7/man.7 +++ b/man7/man.7 @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ command can be used to specify a word in bold followed by a mark of punctuation in Roman. If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line of text. -.SS "Other macros and strings" +.SS Other macros and strings .PP Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings. Unless noted otherwise, all macros @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ By default a given indent is measured in ens; try to use ens or ems as units for indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes. The other key macro definitions are: -.SS "Normal paragraphs" +.SS Normal paragraphs .TP 9m .B \&.LP Same as @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Same as .TP .B \&.PP Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent. -.SS "Relative margin indent" +.SS Relative margin indent .TP 9m .BI \&.RS " i" Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ indented until the corresponding .B \&.RE End relative margin indent and restores the previous value of the prevailing indent. -.SS "Indented paragraph macros" +.SS Indented paragraph macros .TP 9m .BI \&.HP " i" Begin paragraph with a hanging indent @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The tag is given on the next line, but its results are like those of the .B \&.IP command. -.SS "Hypertext link macros" +.SS Hypertext link macros (Feature supported with .B groff only.) @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A number of other link macros are available. See .BR groff_www (7) for more details. -.SS "Miscellaneous macros" +.SS Miscellaneous macros .TP 9m .B \&.DT Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches); @@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Subheading (like .BR \&.SH , but used for a subsection inside a section). -.SS "Predefined strings" +.SS Predefined strings The .B man package has the following predefined strings: @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Trademark Symbol: \*(Tm Left angled double quote: \*(lq .IP \e*(rq Right angled double quote: \*(rq -.SS "Safe subset" +.SS Safe subset Although technically .B man is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools diff --git a/man7/numa.7 b/man7/numa.7 index f5ab2a6d5b..4ba49ddc2e 100644 --- a/man7/numa.7 +++ b/man7/numa.7 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ and However, applications should normally use the interface provided by .IR libnuma ; see "Library Support" below. -.SS /proc/[number]/numa_maps " (since Linux 2.6.14)" +.SS /proc/[number]/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14) .\" See also Changelog-2.6.14 This file displays information about a process's NUMA memory policy and allocation. diff --git a/man7/path_resolution.7 b/man7/path_resolution.7 index 2b67ef6fdf..934b8c47b0 100644 --- a/man7/path_resolution.7 +++ b/man7/path_resolution.7 @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ path_resolution \- how a pathname is resolved to a file .SH DESCRIPTION Some UNIX/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames. A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows. -.SS "Step 1: start of the resolution process" +.SS Step 1: start of the resolution process If the pathname starts with the \(aq/\(aq character, the starting lookup directory is the root directory of the calling process. @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ system call.) Pathnames starting with a \(aq/\(aq character are called absolute pathnames. Pathnames not starting with a \(aq/\(aq are called relative pathnames. -.SS "Step 2: walk along the path" +.SS Step 2: walk along the path Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory. Now, for each nonfinal component of the pathname, where a component is a substring delimited by \(aq/\(aq characters, this component is looked up @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ exceeded ("Too many levels of symbolic links"). .\" presently: max recursion depth during symlink resolution: 5 .\" max total number of symbolic links followed: 40 .\" _POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX is 8 -.SS "Step 3: find the final entry" +.SS Step 3: find the final entry The lookup of the final component of the pathname goes just like that of all other components, as described in the previous step, with two differences: (i) the final component need not be a @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ we are just creating it. The details on the treatment of the final entry are described in the manual pages of the specific system calls. -.SS ". and .." +.SS . and .. By convention, every directory has the entries "." and "..", which refer to the directory itself and to its parent directory, respectively. @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ their conventional meanings, regardless of whether they are actually present in the physical file system. One cannot walk down past the root: "/.." is the same as "/". -.SS "Mount points" +.SS Mount points After a "mount dev path" command, the pathname "path" refers to the root of the file system hierarchy on the device "dev", and no longer to whatever it referred to earlier. @@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ longer to whatever it referred to earlier. One can walk out of a mounted file system: "path/.." refers to the parent directory of "path", outside of the file system hierarchy on "dev". -.SS "Trailing slashes" +.SS Trailing slashes If a pathname ends in a \(aq/\(aq, that forces resolution of the preceding component as in Step 2: it has to exist and resolve to a directory. Otherwise a trailing \(aq/\(aq is ignored. (Or, equivalently, a pathname with a trailing \(aq/\(aq is equivalent to the pathname obtained by appending \(aq.\(aq to it.) -.SS "Final symlink" +.SS Final symlink If the last component of a pathname is a symbolic link, then it depends on the system call whether the file referred to will be the symbolic link or the result of path resolution on its contents. @@ -150,21 +150,21 @@ For example, the system call will operate on the symlink, while .BR stat (2) operates on the file pointed to by the symlink. -.SS "Length limit" +.SS Length limit There is a maximum length for pathnames. If the pathname (or some intermediate pathname obtained while resolving symbolic links) is too long, an .B ENAMETOOLONG error is returned ("Filename too long"). -.SS "Empty pathname" +.SS Empty pathname In the original UNIX, the empty pathname referred to the current directory. Nowadays POSIX decrees that an empty pathname must not be resolved successfully. Linux returns .B ENOENT in this case. -.SS "Permissions" +.SS Permissions The permission bits of a file consist of three groups of three bits, cf.\& .BR chmod (1) and @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ instead of the effective group ID. See .BR setfsgid (2). .\" FIXME say something about file system mounted read-only ? -.SS "Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities" +.SS Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities On a traditional UNIX system, the superuser .RI ( root , user ID 0) is all-powerful, and bypasses all permissions restrictions diff --git a/man7/pipe.7 b/man7/pipe.7 index f8314e1ddb..5f2d42f341 100644 --- a/man7/pipe.7 +++ b/man7/pipe.7 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ for further details. although FIFOs have a pathname in the file system, I/O on FIFOs does not involve operations on the underlying device (if there is one). -.SS "I/O on pipes and FIFOs" +.SS I/O on pipes and FIFOs The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are created and opened. Once these tasks have been accomplished, @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ are delivered when appropriate. It is not possible to apply .BR lseek (2) to a pipe. -.SS "Pipe capacity" +.SS Pipe capacity A pipe has a limited capacity. If the pipe is full, then a .BR write (2) @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ the caller should check the return value from .BR write (2) to see how many bytes were actually written), and these bytes may be interleaved with writes by other processes. -.SS "Open file status flags" +.SS Open file status flags The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to a pipe or FIFO are .B O_NONBLOCK @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ for details). On Linux, .B O_ASYNC is supported for pipes and FIFOs only since kernel 2.6. -.SS "Portability notes" +.SS Portability notes On some systems (but not Linux), pipes are bidirectional: data can be transmitted in both directions between the pipe ends. According to POSIX.1-2001, pipes only need to be unidirectional. diff --git a/man7/posixoptions.7 b/man7/posixoptions.7 index 5777ea39eb..1c2bf89db3 100644 --- a/man7/posixoptions.7 +++ b/man7/posixoptions.7 @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ parameter used to inquire about the option, and possibly a very short description. Much more precise detail can be found in the POSIX standard itself, versions of which can nowadays be accessed freely on the web. -.SS "ADV - _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO - _SC_ADVISORY_INFO" +.SS ADV - _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO - _SC_ADVISORY_INFO The following advisory functions are present: .br .nf @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The following advisory functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "AIO - _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO - _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO" +.SS AIO - _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO - _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO The header .I <aio.h> is present. @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "BAR - _POSIX_BARRIERS - _SC_BARRIERS" +.SS BAR - _POSIX_BARRIERS - _SC_BARRIERS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS and @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The following functions are present: .\" Batch environment. .\" .SS "CD" .\" C development. -.SS "--- - POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED" +.SS --- - POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then only root may change the owner of a file, and nonroot can only set the group of a file to one of the groups it belongs to. @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ This affects the functions .IR chown (), .IR fchown (). .\" What about lchown() ? -.SS "CS - _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION - _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION" +.SS CS - _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION - _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION This option implies the .B _POSIX_TIMERS option. @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ If is changed by the function .IR clock_settime (), then this affects all timers set for an absolute time. -.SS "CPT - _POSIX_CPUTIME - _SC_CPUTIME" +.SS CPT - _POSIX_CPUTIME - _SC_CPUTIME The clockID CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID is supported. The initial value of this clock is 0 for each process. This option implies the @@ -141,16 +141,16 @@ is present. .\" Fortran development .\" .SS "FR" .\" Fortran runtime -.SS "--- - _POSIX_FILE_LOCKING - _SC_FILE_LOCKING" +.SS --- - _POSIX_FILE_LOCKING - _SC_FILE_LOCKING This option has been deleted. Not in final XPG6. -.SS "FSC - _POSIX_FSYNC - _SC_FSYNC " +.SS FSC - _POSIX_FSYNC - _SC_FSYNC The function .IR fsync () is present. -.SS "IP6 - _POSIX_IPV6 - _SC_IPV6" +.SS IP6 - _POSIX_IPV6 - _SC_IPV6 Internet Protocol Version 6 is supported. -.SS "--- - _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL - _SC_JOB_CONTROL" +.SS --- - _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL - _SC_JOB_CONTROL If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then the system implements POSIX-style job control, and the following functions are present: @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ and the following functions are present: .IR tcsetpgrp (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "MF - _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES - _SC_MAPPED_FILES" +.SS MF - _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES - _SC_MAPPED_FILES Shared memory is supported. The include file .I <sys/mman.h> @@ -176,23 +176,23 @@ The following functions are present: .IR mmap (), .IR msync (), .IR munmap (). -.SS "ML - _POSIX_MEMLOCK - _SC_MEMLOCK" +.SS ML - _POSIX_MEMLOCK - _SC_MEMLOCK Shared memory can be locked into core. The functions .IR mlockall (), .IR munlockall () are present. -.SS "MR/MLR - _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE - _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE" +.SS MR/MLR - _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE - _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE More precisely, ranges can be locked into core. The functions .IR mlock (), .IR munlock () are present. -.SS "MPR - _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION - _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION" +.SS MPR - _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION - _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION The function .IR mprotect () is present. -.SS "MSG - _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING - _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING" +.SS MSG - _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING - _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING The include file .I <mqueue.h> is present. @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "MON - _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK - _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK" +.SS MON - _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK - _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK .B CLOCK_MONOTONIC is supported. This option implies the @@ -229,19 +229,19 @@ Affected functions are .IR timer_create (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS - _SC_MULTI_PROCESS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_MULTI_PROCESS - _SC_MULTI_PROCESS This option has been deleted. Not in final XPG6. .\" .SS "MX" .\" IEC 60559 Floating-Point Option. -.SS "--- - _POSIX_NO_TRUNC" +.SS --- - _POSIX_NO_TRUNC If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then pathname components longer than .B NAME_MAX are not truncated, but give an error. This property may be dependent on the path prefix of the component. -.SS "PIO - _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO - _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO" +.SS PIO - _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO - _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO This option says that one can specify priorities for asynchronous I/O. This affects the functions .br @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ This affects the functions .IR aio_write (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "PS - _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING" +.SS PS - _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING The include file .I <sched.h> is present. @@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ is in effect, then the following functions are present: .IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "RS - _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS" +.SS RS - _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS Raw sockets are supported. Affected functions are .IR getsockopt (), .IR setsockopt (). -.SS "--- - _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS - _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS - _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS option. @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ The following functions are present: .IR pthread_rwlockattr_init (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "RTS - _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS - _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS" +.SS RTS - _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS - _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS Realtime signals are supported. The following functions are present: .br @@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_REGEXP - _SC_REGEXP" +.SS --- - _POSIX_REGEXP - _SC_REGEXP If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then POSIX regular expressions are supported and the following functions are present: @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ and the following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_SAVED_IDS - _SC_SAVED_IDS" +.SS --- - _POSIX_SAVED_IDS - _SC_SAVED_IDS If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001) then a process has a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID. Affected functions are @@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ Affected functions are .fi .\" .SS "SD" .\" Software development -.SS "SEM - _POSIX_SEMAPHORES - _SC_SEMAPHORES" +.SS SEM - _POSIX_SEMAPHORES - _SC_SEMAPHORES The include file .I <semaphore.h> is present. @@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "SHM - _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS" +.SS SHM - _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -394,12 +394,12 @@ The following functions are present: .br .in -4 .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_SHELL - _SC_SHELL" +.SS --- - _POSIX_SHELL - _SC_SHELL If this option is in effect (as it always is under POSIX.1-2001), the function .IR system () is present. -.SS "SPN - _POSIX_SPAWN - _SC_SPAWN" +.SS SPN - _POSIX_SPAWN - _SC_SPAWN This option describes support for process creation in a context where it is difficult or impossible to use .IR fork (), @@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ the following functions are present: .IR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy (). .in -4 .fi -.SS "SPI - _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS - _SC_SPIN_LOCKS" +.SS SPI - _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS - _SC_SPIN_LOCKS This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREADS and @@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "SS - _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER" +.SS SS - _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER The scheduling policy .B SCHED_SPORADIC is supported. @@ -483,13 +483,13 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "SIO - _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO - _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO" +.SS SIO - _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO - _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO Affected functions are .IR open (), .IR msync (), .IR fsync (), .IR fdatasync (). -.SS "TSA - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR" +.SS TSA - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSS - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE" +.SS TSS - _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE - _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TCT - _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME - _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME" +.SS TCT - _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME - _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME The clockID CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID is supported. This option implies the .B _POSIX_TIMERS @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPI - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT" +.SS TPI - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPP - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT" +.SS TPP - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT - _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TPS - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING" +.SS TPS - _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING - _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING If this option is in effect, the different threads inside a process can run with different priorities and/or different schedulers. Affected functions are @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSH - _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED - _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED" +.SS TSH - _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED - _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSF - _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS - _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS" +.SS TSF - _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS - _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS Affected functions are .br .nf @@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TSP - _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER" +.SS TSP - _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER - _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER This option implies the .B _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING option. @@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ Affected functions are .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "THR - _POSIX_THREADS - _SC_THREADS" +.SS THR - _POSIX_THREADS - _SC_THREADS Basic support for POSIX threads is available. The following functions are present: .br @@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TMO - _POSIX_TIMEOUTS - _SC_TIMEOUTS" +.SS TMO - _POSIX_TIMEOUTS - _SC_TIMEOUTS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TMR - _POSIX_TIMERS - _SC_TIMERS" +.SS TMR - _POSIX_TIMERS - _SC_TIMERS The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRC - _POSIX_TRACE - _SC_TRACE" +.SS TRC - _POSIX_TRACE - _SC_TRACE POSIX tracing is available. The following functions are present: .br @@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TEF - _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER - _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER" +.SS TEF - _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER - _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE option. @@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRI - _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT - _SC_TRACE_INHERIT" +.SS TRI - _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT - _SC_TRACE_INHERIT Tracing children of the traced process is supported. This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE @@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TRL - _POSIX_TRACE_LOG - _SC_TRACE_LOG" +.SS TRL - _POSIX_TRACE_LOG - _SC_TRACE_LOG This option implies the .B _POSIX_TRACE option. @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "TYM - _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECT" +.SS TYM - _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS - _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECT The following functions are present: .br .nf @@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ The following functions are present: .in -4 .br .fi -.SS "--- - _POSIX_VDISABLE" +.SS --- - _POSIX_VDISABLE Always present (probably 0). Value to set a changeable special control character to indicate that it is disabled. diff --git a/man7/pthreads.7 b/man7/pthreads.7 index acac44a0e4..c013eed26e 100644 --- a/man7/pthreads.7 +++ b/man7/pthreads.7 @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ capabilities (see .IP \- 3 CPU affinity .RB ( sched_setaffinity (2)) -.SS "Pthreads function return values" +.SS Pthreads function return values Most pthreads functions return 0 on success, and an error number of failure. Note that the pthreads functions do not set .IR errno . @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ or a detached thread has terminated. In all pthreads functions that accept a thread ID as an argument, that ID by definition refers to a thread in the same process as the caller. -.SS "Thread-safe functions" +.SS Thread-safe functions A thread-safe function is one that can be safely (i.e., it will deliver the same results regardless of whether it is) called from multiple threads at the same time. @@ -650,10 +650,10 @@ any nonstandard function that may block as a cancellation point. .\" vscanf .\" vsyslog .\" vwscanf -.SS "Compiling on Linux" +.SS Compiling on Linux On Linux, programs that use the Pthreads API should be compiled using .IR "cc \-pthread" . -.SS "Linux implementations of POSIX threads" +.SS Linux implementations of POSIX threads Over time, two threading implementations have been provided by the GNU C library on Linux: .TP @@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ is executed, perhaps using the shell built-in command .RI ( "limit stacksize" in the C shell). -.SS "Determining the threading implementation" +.SS Determining the threading implementation Since glibc 2.3.2, the .BR getconf (1) command can be used to determine @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \(aq{print $3}\(aq ) | \\ Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al .in .fi -.SS "Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" +.SS Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL On systems with a glibc that supports both LinuxThreads and NPTL (i.e., glibc 2.3.\fIx\fP), the .B LD_ASSUME_KERNEL diff --git a/man7/pty.7 b/man7/pty.7 index d6dfc05382..f89db8ef89 100644 --- a/man7/pty.7 +++ b/man7/pty.7 @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ on Linux systems. Since kernel 2.6.4, BSD-style pseudoterminals are considered deprecated (they can be disabled when configuring the kernel); UNIX 98 pseudoterminals should be used in new applications. -.SS "UNIX 98 pseudoterminals" +.SS UNIX 98 pseudoterminals An unused UNIX 98 pseudoterminal master is opened by calling .BR posix_openpt (3). (This function opens the master clone device, @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ and a corresponding file, indicates how many pseudoterminals are currently in use. For further details on these two files, see .BR proc (5). -.SS "BSD pseudoterminals" +.SS BSD pseudoterminals BSD-style pseudoterminals are provided as precreated pairs, with names of the form .I /dev/ptyXY diff --git a/man7/rtnetlink.7 b/man7/rtnetlink.7 index 5ea3f1f3d3..bcdb670b3d 100644 --- a/man7/rtnetlink.7 +++ b/man7/rtnetlink.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ It is based on netlink messages; see .BR netlink (7) for more information. .\" FIXME ? all these macros could be moved to rtnetlink(3) -.SS "Routing attributes" +.SS Routing attributes Some rtnetlink messages have optional attributes after the initial header: .in +4n diff --git a/man7/signal.7 b/man7/signal.7 index 612daa7800..2b08fdd4de 100644 --- a/man7/signal.7 +++ b/man7/signal.7 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ signal \- overview of signals .SH DESCRIPTION Linux supports both POSIX reliable signals (hereinafter "standard signals") and POSIX real-time signals. -.SS "Signal dispositions" +.SS Signal dispositions Each signal has a current .IR disposition , which determines how the process behaves when it is delivered @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ call is delivered to the caller. The buffer returned by .BR read (2) contains a structure describing the signal. -.SS "Signal mask and pending signals" +.SS Signal mask and pending signals A signal may be .IR blocked , which means that it will not be delivered until it is later unblocked. @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ A child created via initially has an empty pending signal set; the pending signal set is preserved across an .BR execve (2). -.SS "Standard signals" +.SS Standard signals Linux supports the standard signals listed below. Several signal numbers are architecture-dependent, as indicated in the "Value" column. @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ is synonymous with .\" parisc is the only exception: SIGSYS is 12, SIGUNUSED is 31 .B SIGSYS on most architectures. -.SS "Real-time signals" +.SS Real-time signals Linux supports real-time signals as originally defined in the POSIX.1b real-time extensions (and now included in POSIX.1-2001). The range of supported real-time signals is defined by the macros @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ resource limit, which specifies a per-user limit for queued signals; see .BR setrlimit (2) for further details. -.SS "Async-signal-safe functions" +.SS Async-signal-safe functions .PP A signal handler function must be very careful, since processing elsewhere may be interrupted diff --git a/man7/time.7 b/man7/time.7 index 18a31393c2..e210c8d5e3 100644 --- a/man7/time.7 +++ b/man7/time.7 @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ .SH NAME time \- overview of time and timers .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "Real time and process time" +.SS Real time and process time .I "Real time" is defined as time measured from some fixed point, either from a standard point in the past @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ A program can determine the amount of CPU time it has consumed using .BR getrusage (2), or .BR clock (3). -.SS "The hardware clock" +.SS The hardware clock Most computers have a (battery-powered) hardware clock which the kernel reads at boot time in order to initialize the software clock. For further details, see .BR rtc (4) and .BR hwclock (8). -.SS "The software clock, HZ, and jiffies" +.SS The software clock, HZ, and jiffies The accuracy of various system calls that set timeouts, (e.g., .BR select (2), @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ User-space applications can determine the value of this constant using .\" glibc gets this info with a little help from the ELF loader; .\" see glibc elf/dl-support.c and kernel fs/binfmt_elf.c. .\" -.SS "High-resolution timers" +.SS High-resolution timers Before Linux 2.6.21, the accuracy of timer and sleep system calls (see below) was also limited by the size of the jiffy. @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ or looking at the "resolution" entries in HRTs are not supported on all hardware architectures. (Support is provided on x86, arm, and powerpc, among others.) -.SS "The Epoch" +.SS The Epoch UNIX systems represent time in seconds since the .IR Epoch , 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC). @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ provides similar information, but only with accuracy to the nearest second. The system time can be changed using .BR settimeofday (2). -.SS "Broken-down time" +.SS Broken-down time Certain library functions use a structure of type .I tm @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ string representations of the time are described in .BR strftime (3), and .BR strptime (3). -.SS "Sleeping and setting timers" +.SS Sleeping and setting timers Various system calls and functions allow a program to sleep (suspend execution) for a specified period of time; see .BR nanosleep (2), diff --git a/man7/udp.7 b/man7/udp.7 index 139793fce1..2c63488413 100644 --- a/man7/udp.7 +++ b/man7/udp.7 @@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ When turned off, UDP will fragment outgoing UDP packets that exceed the interface MTU. However, disabling it is not recommended for performance and reliability reasons. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format UDP uses the IPv4 .I sockaddr_in address format described in .BR ip (7). -.SS "Error handling" +.SS Error handling All fatal errors will be passed to the user as an error return even when the socket is not connected. This includes asynchronous errors @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Each UDP socket is able to use the size for sending data, even if total pages of UDP sockets exceed .I udp_mem pressure. -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options To set or get a UDP socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/udplite.7 b/man7/udplite.7 index dbbb11c990..bc356d7570 100644 --- a/man7/udplite.7 +++ b/man7/udplite.7 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The UDP-Lite implementation is a full extension of .BR udp (7), i.e., it shares the same API and API behaviour, and in addition offers two socket options to control the checksum coverage. -.SS "Address format" +.SS Address format UDP-Litev4 uses the .I sockaddr_in address format described in @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ UDP-Litev6 uses the .I sockaddr_in6 address format described in .BR ipv6 (7). -.SS "Socket options" +.SS Socket options To set or get a UDP-Lite socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/unicode.7 b/man7/unicode.7 index 64fcdf3391..56513944f4 100644 --- a/man7/unicode.7 +++ b/man7/unicode.7 @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ classic character set and the characters in the range 0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in .BR "ISO 8859-1 Latin-1" . -.SS "Combining characters" +.SS Combining characters Some code points in .B UCS have been assigned to @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ followed by a "combining diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308. Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the Thai script or for mathematical typesetting and users of the International Phonetic Alphabet. -.SS "Implementation levels" +.SS Implementation levels As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms like combining characters, ISO 10646-1 specifies the following three .I implementation levels @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ various characters. They provide guidelines and algorithms for editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying Unicode strings. -.SS "Unicode under Linux" +.SS Unicode under Linux Under GNU/Linux, the C type .I wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer type. @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ by some UTF-8 terminal emulators and ISO 10646 fonts (level 2), but in general precomposed characters should be preferred where available (Unicode calls this .BR "Normalization Form C" ). -.SS "Private area" +.SS Private area In the .BR BMP , the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will never be assigned to any characters by diff --git a/man7/uri.7 b/man7/uri.7 index 90b8119d36..0b4b67bd31 100644 --- a/man7/uri.7 +++ b/man7/uri.7 @@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ URNs are to be supported by the urn: scheme, with a hierarchical name space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented. Not all tools support all schemes. -.SS "Character encoding" +.SS Character encoding .PP URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and used in a variety of situations. @@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ then .IP 2. use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe octets. -.SS "Writing a URI" +.SS Writing a URI When written, URIs should be placed inside double quotes (e.g., "http://www.kernelnotes.org"), enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., <http://lwn.net>), diff --git a/man7/utf-8.7 b/man7/utf-8.7 index 1ba0b56fa1..06dfb175c9 100644 --- a/man7/utf-8.7 +++ b/man7/utf-8.7 @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ encoded as: .RS 11100010 10001001 10100000 = 0xe2 0x89 0xa0 .RE -.SS "Application notes" +.SS Application notes Users have to select a .B UTF-8 locale, for example with |