You need to set the CustomFormatter attribute to specify your custom JSON formatting of the column like below sample code:
var jsonSchema = "<your-json>";
string fieldSchema = "<Field Type='Text' Name='ProjectName' StaticName='ProjectName'
DisplayName='Project Name' CustomFormatter=" + jsonSchema + "/>";
var simpleTextField = list.Fields.AddFieldAsXml(fieldSchema, true, AddFieldOptions.AddToDefaultContentType);
context.ExecuteQuery();
or if you want to update it PnP PowerShell, you can do that as below:
Connect-PnPOnline -Url 'https://<tenant>.sharepoint.com/sites/testSiteCollection'
Set-PnPField -Identity "ProjectName" -List "Custom List" -Values @{CustomFormatter = @'
<your json>
'@
}