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I'm trying to compile a Python binding, but I'm unable to find the python.h header on debian. Which package should I install?

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you should install python-dev

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1

The python-dev package needs to be installed.

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First of all, the header file for embedding or extending python is Python.h, with an uppercase P. Linux is case sensitive, and python.h won't work.

On debian and debian deriviatives like ubuntu, you can use apt-file to find out what package to install, given a filename:

$ apt-file search Python.h
...
python2.6-dbg: /usr/include/python2.6_d/Python.h
python2.6-dev: /usr/include/python2.6/Python.h
...
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or, if you don't have apt-file installed, the web interface at packages.debian.org: debian.org/distrib/packages#search_contents
0

You are missing the development header. try

sudo apt-get install python-dev
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sudo apt-get install python2.6-dev

or

sudo apt-get install python2.7-dev

According to virtualenv option

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