diff --git a/AlterGUI/algo.cpp b/AlterGUI/algo.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e5669f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AlterGUI/algo.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <math.h>
+#include <map>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Parabola Function
+double fx(double x, double y)
+{
+    return -(pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2));
+}
+
+// Gradient for dx
+double dfx(double x, double y)
+{
+    return -2.0*x;
+}
+
+// Gradient for dy
+double dfy(double x, double y)
+{
+    return -2.0*y;
+}
+
+// Plane Equation
+double plane(double x, double y, double x0, double y0)
+{
+    return dfx(x0, y0)*(x - x0) + dfy(x0, y0)*(y - y0) + fx(x0, y0);
+}
+
+// Generates a tangent plane
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> Tangent(double c, double x0, double y0)
+{
+    // Setting grid bounds
+    double m0 = x0 - c, m1 = x0 + c;
+    double n0 = y0 - c, n1 = y0 + c;
+    int o = 60;
+
+    double dM = (m1 - m0)/(o - 1);
+    double dN = (n1 - n0)/(o - 1);
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> result;
+    std::vector<double> tx, ty, tz;
+
+    double rx, ry;
+
+    // Building the plane at a centered point (where the current gradient is)
+    for(int i = 0; i < o; ++i){
+        tx.clear();
+        ty.clear();
+        tz.clear();
+        rx = m0 + i*dM;
+        for(int j = 0; j < o; ++j){
+            ry = n0 + j*dM;
+            tx.push_back(rx);
+            ty.push_back(ry);
+            tz.push_back(plane(rx, ry, x0, y0));
+        }
+        result["x"].push_back(tx);
+        result["y"].push_back(ty);
+        result["z"].push_back(tz);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Declare the plot
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(111);
+    plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+
+    // Define range
+    int n = 60;
+    double t0 = -4.0, t1 = 4.0;
+    double dT = (t1 - t0)/(n - 1);
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> x, y, z;
+    std::vector<double> tx, ty, tz;
+
+    double rx, ry;
+
+    // Build 3D graph for the parabola
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        tx.clear();
+        ty.clear();
+        tz.clear();
+        rx = t0 + i*dT;
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            ry = t0 + j*dT;
+            tx.push_back(rx);
+            ty.push_back(ry);
+            tz.push_back(fx(rx, ry));
+        }
+        x.push_back(tx);
+        y.push_back(ty);
+        z.push_back(tz);
+    }
+
+    // Build 3D animation for the gradient reaching its maximum and the plane centered around the gradient points
+    double Px = -3.5, Py = -3.5;
+    double learning = 0.15;
+    
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> gd;
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i){
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+        gd = Tangent(2, Px, Py);
+
+        // Plots the parabola and gradient plane
+        plt::surface3D(ax, x, y, z, "red", 0.9);
+        plt::surface3D(ax, gd["x"], gd["y"], gd["z"], "green", 0.9);
+
+        // Updates the gradients in gradient descent
+        Px = Px + learning*dfx(Px, Py);
+        Py = Py + learning*dfy(Px, Py);
+
+        plt::pause(0.5);
+    }
+
+
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/AlterGUI/altergui.png b/AlterGUI/altergui.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3ce09f
Binary files /dev/null and b/AlterGUI/altergui.png differ
diff --git a/BookViz/book.cpp b/BookViz/book.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..570ab91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BookViz/book.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <cpprest/ws_client.h>
+#include <boost/property_tree/ptree.hpp>
+#include <boost/property_tree/json_parser.hpp>
+#include <thread>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <Python.h>
+
+// Declare global namespaces to simplify calling objects
+using namespace web;
+using namespace web::websockets::client;
+using namespace boost::property_tree;
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Coinbase datafeed class
+class datafeed {
+    private:
+        // Converts a string response to JSON using Boost
+        ptree JSON(std::string message){
+            std::stringstream ss(message);
+            ptree result;
+            read_json(ss, result);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // Parses the level2 orderbook for Bitcoin and updates each change in order which the book receives
+        void CYCLONE(ptree df, std::map<double, double> & bids, std::map<double, double> & asks){
+            bool snapshot = false;
+            bool l2update = false;
+            for(ptree::const_iterator it = df.begin(); it != df.end(); ++it){
+                if(l2update == true && it->first == "changes"){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                        std::vector<std::string> hold;
+                        for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                            hold.push_back(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str());
+                        }
+
+                        // Extract the latest price and volume
+                        double price = atof(hold[1].c_str());
+                        double volume = atof(hold[2].c_str());
+
+                        // Erases part of book if the volume equals zero meaning that the order has been filled or cancelled fully
+                        if(hold[0] == "buy"){
+                            if(volume == 0){
+                                bids.erase(price);
+                            } else {
+                                bids[price] = volume;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if(volume == 0){
+                                asks.erase(price);
+                            } else {
+                                asks[price] = volume;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Parses the bid book in the initial snapshot
+                if(snapshot == true && it->first == "bids"){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                        std::vector<double> hold;
+                        for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                            hold.push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                        bids[hold[0]] = hold[1];
+                    }
+                }
+                // Parses the ask book in the initial snapshot
+                if(snapshot == true && it->first == "asks"){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                        std::vector<double> hold;
+                        for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                            hold.push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                        asks[hold[0]] = hold[1];
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Activates whether the message is a snapshot or an update
+                if(it->first == "type"){
+                    if(it->second.get_value<std::string>() == "l2update"){
+                        l2update = true;
+                    }
+                    if(it->second.get_value<std::string>() == "snapshot"){
+                        snapshot = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+
+    public:
+
+        // Level2 limit orderbook websocket feed using cpprest
+        static void Socket(datafeed dx, std::map<double, double> & bids, std::map<double, double> & asks){
+            std::string url = "wss://ws-feed.exchange.coinbase.com";
+            std::string msg = "{\"type\":\"subscribe\",\"product_ids\":[\"BTC-USD\"],\"channels\":[\"level2_batch\"]}";
+
+            // Connect to client and send the subscription message
+            websocket_client client;
+            client.connect(url).wait();
+            websocket_outgoing_message outmsg;
+            outmsg.set_utf8_message(msg);
+            client.send(outmsg);
+
+            while(true){
+                client.receive().then([](websocket_incoming_message inmsg){
+                    return inmsg.extract_string();
+                }).then([&](std::string message){
+                    // Retreives response from websocket and parses the data as a snapshot of the book, or an update of the book
+                    dx.CYCLONE(dx.JSON(message), std::ref(bids), std::ref(asks));
+                }).wait();
+            }
+
+            client.close().wait();
+        
+        }
+};
+
+// Sets the examination depth to 80 and pulls the orderbooks price and volume for both bids and asks
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> Extract(std::map<double, double> bids, std::map<double, double> asks)
+{
+    // Set depth of book
+    int depth = 80;
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> result;
+
+    // Pulls bid orders and takes the cumulative volume summation
+    int count = 0;
+    double bidvol = 0;
+    for(auto it = bids.rbegin(); it != bids.rend(); ++it){
+        bidvol += it->second;
+        result["bidPrice"].push_back(it->first);
+        result["bidSize"].push_back(bidvol);
+        count += 1;
+        // Breaks loop once depth limit has been reached
+        if(count >= depth){
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Pulls ask orders and takes the cumulative volume summation
+    count = 0;
+    double askvol = 0;
+    for(auto it = asks.begin(); it != asks.end(); ++it){
+        askvol += it->second;
+        result["askPrice"].push_back(it->first);
+        result["askSize"].push_back(askvol);
+        count += 1;
+        // Breaks loop once depth limit has been reached
+        if(count >= depth){
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Bids must be reveresed in order to be plotted as the lowest bid must be at the beginning of the vector
+    std::reverse(result["bidPrice"].begin(), result["bidPrice"].end());
+    std::reverse(result["bidSize"].begin(), result["bidSize"].end());
+    
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Builds a vector with a single value for n elements
+std::vector<double> push_into(double ii, int n){
+    std::vector<double> result;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        result.push_back(ii);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Declare two plots, one for bid and one for ask
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(121);
+    PyObject * ay = plt::chart(122);
+
+    std::map<double, double> bids, asks;
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> preprice;
+
+    // Open datafeed thread
+    datafeed wsfeed;
+    std::thread feed(wsfeed.Socket, wsfeed, std::ref(bids), std::ref(asks));
+
+    // Sleep for 10 seconds to allow the orderbook thread to build a dataset
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(10));
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> bX, bY, bZ, aX, aY, aZ;
+
+    int ii = 0;
+    int jj = 0;
+    int limit = 80;
+
+    while(true){
+        // Extract the depth orderbook data
+        preprice = Extract(bids, asks);
+
+        // Store bid snapshots for 3D plotting
+        bX.clear();
+        bY.clear();
+        bZ.push_back(preprice["bidSize"]);
+        for(int u = 0; u < bZ.size(); ++u){
+            bY.push_back(preprice["bidPrice"]);
+            bX.push_back(push_into(ii, preprice["bidPrice"].size()));
+            ii += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Store ask snapshots for 3D plotting
+        aX.clear();
+        aY.clear();
+        aZ.push_back(preprice["askSize"]);
+        for(int u = 0; u < aZ.size(); ++u){
+            aY.push_back(preprice["askPrice"]);
+            aX.push_back(push_into(jj, preprice["askPrice"].size()));
+            jj += 1;
+        }
+
+        // Erase data from the beginning of the vectors if limit has been reached
+        if(bZ.size() >= limit){
+            bX.erase(bX.begin());
+            bY.erase(bY.begin());
+            bZ.erase(bZ.begin());
+        }
+
+        if(aZ.size() >= limit){
+            aX.erase(aX.begin());
+            aY.erase(aY.begin());
+            aZ.erase(aZ.begin());
+        }
+
+        // Clear and plot the two orderbooks in their own plots
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ay);
+
+        plt::surface3D(ax, bX, bY, bZ, "red", 1.0);
+        plt::surface3D(ay, aX, aY, aZ, "limegreen", 1.0);
+
+        plt::pause(0.1);
+
+        //std::cout << bX.size() << " " << bX[0].size() << "\t" << bY.size() << " " << bY[0].size() << "\t" << bZ.size() << " " << bZ[0].size() << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+    feed.join();
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/BookViz/book.sh b/BookViz/book.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d584454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BookViz/book.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ book.cpp -std=c++17 -lcpprest -lcrypto -lssl -lpthread -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BookViz/bookviz.png b/BookViz/bookviz.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c625a0
Binary files /dev/null and b/BookViz/bookviz.png differ
diff --git a/CreditRisk/credit.cpp b/CreditRisk/credit.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15add04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CreditRisk/credit.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// premium += notional*cds*dt/pow(1+r,i+1)
+// protection += notional*lgd*p[i]/pow(1 + r, i+1)
+// x = lgd y = default
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Computes the premium leg present value
+double premium_leg(double notional, double cds, double dt, double r, int n){
+    double pv = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        pv += notional*cds*dt/pow(1 + r, i + 1);
+    }
+    return pv;
+}
+
+// Derivative of premium leg with respect to credit spread
+double dpremium_leg(double notional, double dt, double r, int n){
+    double pv = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        pv += notional*dt/pow(1 + r, i + 1);
+    }
+    return pv;
+}
+
+// Present value of protection leg
+double protection_leg(double notional, double lgd, double r, std::vector<double> pb){
+    double pv = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < pb.size(); ++i){
+        pv += notional*lgd*pb[i]/pow(1 + r, i + 1);
+    }
+    return pv;
+}
+
+// Uses Newton-Ralphson's method to calculate optimal credit spread
+double calculate_cds(double notional, double lgd, double dt, double r, int n, std::vector<double> pb){
+    double cds_0 = 0.01, cds_1 = 0.99;
+    while(true){
+        cds_1 = cds_0 - (premium_leg(notional, cds_0, dt, r, n) - protection_leg(notional, lgd, r, pb))/dpremium_leg(notional, dt, r, n);
+        if(fabs(cds_1 - cds_0) <= 0.00001){
+            break;
+        }
+        cds_0 = cds_1;
+    }
+    return cds_1;
+}
+
+// Transposes a matrix
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> transpose(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> z;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x[0].size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < x.size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(x[j][i]);
+        }
+        z.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+// Reverses default rates
+std::vector<double> Reverse(std::vector<double> x){
+    std::vector<double> res;
+    double product = 1.0;
+    res.push_back(1.0);
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        product *= (1 - x[i]);
+        res.push_back(product);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Time increments
+    std::vector<double> the_time = {30.0, 60.0, 90.0, 120.0, 150.0, 180.0, 210.0};
+
+    // Initial notional value
+    double notional = 1000000;
+
+    // Initialize 3D chart
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(111);
+
+    for(auto & ts : the_time){
+        double t = ts/365.0;
+        int n = 50;
+        double dt = t / (double) n;
+        double rf = pow(1 + 0.0548, 1/30) - 1;
+
+        std::vector<double> default_rates = {0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09};
+        std::vector<double> recovery_rates = {0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0};
+        std::reverse(recovery_rates.begin(), recovery_rates.end());
+
+        // Cumulative return of default rates
+        default_rates = Reverse(default_rates);
+
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> x, y, z;
+        std::vector<double> temp;
+
+        // X-Axis is recovery rates, Y-Axis is default rates
+        for(int i = 0; i < default_rates.size(); ++i){
+            x.push_back(recovery_rates);
+            y.push_back(default_rates);
+        }
+        y = transpose(y);
+
+        for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+            temp.clear();
+            for(int j = 0; j < x[0].size(); ++j){
+                // LGD is the current recovery rate at point i, j
+                double lgd = x[i][j];
+                std::vector<double> pb = y[i];
+
+                // Calculate credit spread
+                double calculation = calculate_cds(notional, lgd, dt, rf, n, pb);
+                temp.push_back(calculation);   
+            }
+            z.push_back(temp);
+        }
+
+        // Set axis names
+        plt::Chart3DAxesNames(ax, "LGD", "Probability", "CDS Spread");
+
+        // Plot animated 3D surface which varies as a new time is inputted
+        plt::surface3DMap(ax, x, y, z, "jet", 1.0);
+
+        plt::pause(1);
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/CreditRisk/credit.sh b/CreditRisk/credit.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a732eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CreditRisk/credit.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ credit.cpp -std=c++17 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CreditRisk/creditrisk.png b/CreditRisk/creditrisk.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bf5e36
Binary files /dev/null and b/CreditRisk/creditrisk.png differ
diff --git a/CreditRisk/matplotlibcpp.h b/CreditRisk/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CreditRisk/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/Distribution/dist.cpp b/Distribution/dist.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d7ea6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Distribution/dist.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <boost/property_tree/ptree.hpp>
+#include <boost/property_tree/json_parser.hpp>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+using namespace boost::property_tree;
+
+// Importing stock data from Polygon.io
+std::string address(std::string ticker){
+    std::string key = "";
+    std::string url = "https://api.polygon.io/v2/aggs/ticker/" + ticker + "/range/1/day/2024-01-09/2024-09-29?adjusted=true&sort=asc&limit=300&apiKey=" + key;
+    return url;
+}
+
+// Takes part in decrypting bytes to be transferred into a string result
+size_t WriteCallback(void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, std::string* response) {
+    size_t totalSize = size * nmemb;
+    response->append((char*)contents, totalSize);
+    return totalSize;
+}
+
+// Sends a rest request to polygon to fetch the stock data
+std::string RequestData(const std::string& url) {
+    CURL* curl;
+    CURLcode res;
+    std::string response;
+
+    curl = curl_easy_init(); // Initialize CURL
+    if(curl) {
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str()); // Set the URL
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, WriteCallback); // Set the callback function
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response); // Pass the response string to the callback
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L); // Follow redirects if necessary
+
+        // Perform the request
+        res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
+        
+        // Check for errors
+        if(res != CURLE_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "CURL request failed: " << curl_easy_strerror(res) << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        // Cleanup
+        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
+    }
+
+    return response; // Return the response
+}
+
+// Sleep timer
+void Sleep(int wait_time){
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(wait_time));
+}
+
+// Imports historical stock price data from Polygon.io and sorts them into a map with the key being the stock ticker 
+// and the value being the vector of close prices
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> ImportHistoricalData(std::vector<std::string> tickers, int wait_time){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> result;
+    std::cout << "Stock data is loading" << std::endl;
+    for(auto & stock : tickers){
+        Sleep(wait_time);
+        std::cout << stock << " is imported" << std::endl;
+
+        // Fetch stock price data and parse string result as JSON with Boost
+        std::string response = RequestData(address(stock));
+        ptree data;
+        std::stringstream ss(response);
+        read_json(ss, data);
+        for(ptree::const_iterator it = data.begin(); it != data.end(); ++it){
+            if(it->first == "results"){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                        if(kt->first == "l"){
+                            // Pull close prices for the stock into the map
+                            result[stock].push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Calculates the distribution charts per ticker and stores the results in the modify map
+void ComputeData(std::vector<double> close, std::string ticker, std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>>> & modify){
+
+    // Computes the average of a given vector of values
+    auto average = [](std::vector<double> x){
+        double total = 0;
+        for(auto & i : x){
+            total += i;
+        }
+        total /= x.size();
+        return total;
+    };
+
+    // Computes the standard deviation of a given vector of values
+    auto volatility = [&](std::vector<double> x){
+        double mu = average(x);
+        double total = 0;
+        for(auto & i : x){
+            total += pow(i - mu, 2);
+        }
+        total /= ((double) x.size() - 1);
+        return pow(total, 0.5);
+    };
+
+    // Stochastic parameter in Geometric Brownian Motion which returns a value between -10 to 10 percent
+    auto dWT = [](){
+        int num = 10;
+        double dw = (rand() % (2*num + 1)) - num;
+        return dw/100.0;
+    };
+
+    // Takes in the stock returns and the number of bins and generates a histogram
+    auto histogram = [](std::vector<double> returns, int bins){
+        std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> res;
+
+        // Sort the returns and set the bounds of the histogram
+        std::sort(returns.begin(), returns.end());
+        double m0 = returns[0];
+        double m1 = returns[returns.size() - 1];
+        double dm = (m1 - m0)/((double) bins);
+
+        // Count the frequency of each return group occuring, return group is between 'a' and 'b'
+        for(int i = 0; i < bins; ++i){
+            double a = m0 + i*dm;
+            double b = m0 + (i+1)*dm;
+            int count = 0;
+            for(auto & r : returns){
+                // Counts the frequency
+                if(i == bins - 1){
+                    if(r >= a && r <= b){
+                        count += 1;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if(r >= a && r < b){
+                        count += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Pushes x and y parameters in histogram map
+            double mid = 0.5*(a + b);
+            res["x"].push_back(mid);
+            res["y"].push_back(count);
+        }
+        return res;
+    };
+    
+    std::vector<double> ror, ror_predict, stock_paths;
+    
+    // Calculates the rate of return of the current selected stock
+    for(int i = 1; i < close.size(); ++i){
+        ror.push_back(close[i]/close[i-1] - 1.0);
+    }
+
+    // Sets the parameters for the Geometric Brownian Motion equation
+    double S = close[close.size() - 1];
+    double mu = average(ror);
+    double t = 1.0/12.0;
+    double v = volatility(ror);
+    int N = 1000;
+    int P = 100;
+    double dt = t / (double) N;
+
+    // Formula = mu*S*dt + v*S*dWT()
+
+    // Makes sure each run is random
+    srand(time(NULL));
+
+    // Running the GBM simulation
+    for(int p = 0; p < P; ++p){
+        double S0 = S;
+        for(int t = 0; t < N; ++t){
+            S0 += mu*S0*dt + v*S0*dWT();
+        }
+        stock_paths.push_back(S0);
+    }
+
+    // Computing the rate of return from the predicted stock paths
+    for(int i = 1; i < stock_paths.size(); ++i){
+        ror_predict.push_back(stock_paths[i]/stock_paths[i-1] - 1.0);
+    } 
+
+    // Generating the histogram with 30 bins for both groups (historical and predicted)
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> RHist = histogram(ror, 30);
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> RPred = histogram(ror_predict, 30);
+
+    // Storing everything in the modify result map which has the first key being a stock ticker
+    // and the second key being x,y hist/pred
+    
+    modify[ticker]["xhist"] = RHist["x"];
+    modify[ticker]["yhist"] = RHist["y"];
+    modify[ticker]["xpred"] = RPred["x"];
+    modify[ticker]["ypred"] = RPred["y"];
+
+}
+
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Selected stocks to be examined
+    std::vector<std::string> tickers = {"MSFT","AAPL","NVDA","AMZN","IBM","ORCL"};
+
+    // Building the plot grid for the histograms
+    std::vector<PyObject*> plots;
+    std::vector<int> pnum = {231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236};
+    for(auto & number : pnum){
+        plots.push_back(plt::chart2D(number));
+    }
+
+    // Set sleep time
+    int sleep_for_time = 10;
+
+    // Import the historical data and declare storage map
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> close = ImportHistoricalData(tickers, sleep_for_time);
+    std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>>> modify;
+
+    // Build a vector of threads to calculate all inputted stocks simulations at the same time
+    std::vector<std::thread> items;
+    for(auto & ticker : tickers){
+        items.emplace_back(ComputeData, close[ticker], ticker, std::ref(modify));
+    }
+
+    // Join the threads upon completion to end each thread
+    for(auto & plane : items){
+        plane.join();
+    }
+
+    // Plot the distributions 
+    for(int i = 0; i < plots.size(); ++i){
+        PyObject * ax = plots[i];
+        std::string tick = tickers[i];
+        plt::PlotTitle(ax, tick);
+        plt::plot2D(ax, modify[tick]["xhist"], modify[tick]["yhist"], "red");
+        plt::plot2D(ax, modify[tick]["xpred"], modify[tick]["ypred"], "limegreen");
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Distribution/dist.sh b/Distribution/dist.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4572904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Distribution/dist.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ dist.cpp -std=c++17 -lcurl -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Distribution/distribute.png b/Distribution/distribute.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a7d5fa
Binary files /dev/null and b/Distribution/distribute.png differ
diff --git a/Distribution/matplotlibcpp.h b/Distribution/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Distribution/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/Hedge/hedge.png b/Hedge/hedge.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36bf137
Binary files /dev/null and b/Hedge/hedge.png differ
diff --git a/Hedge/hedge.sh b/Hedge/hedge.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24e0a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hedge/hedge.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ hfund.cpp -std=c++17 -lcurl -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Hedge/hfund.cpp b/Hedge/hfund.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..373d707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hedge/hfund.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <boost/property_tree/ptree.hpp>
+#include <boost/property_tree/json_parser.hpp>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <Python.h>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+using namespace boost::property_tree;
+
+// Fetches the stock price data from Financial Modeling Prep
+std::string fmp_address(std::string ticker){
+    std::string url = "https://financialmodelingprep.com";
+    std::string key = "";
+    std::string endpoint = "/api/v3/historical-price-full/" + ticker + "?apikey=" + key;
+    return url + endpoint;
+}
+
+// Callback function to handle the data received from the GET request
+size_t WriteCallback(void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, std::string* s) {
+    size_t newLength = size * nmemb;
+    try {
+        s->append((char*)contents, newLength);
+    } catch (std::bad_alloc& e) {
+        // Handle memory problem if needed
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return newLength;
+}
+
+// Function to perform a GET request
+std::string Request(const std::string& url) {
+    CURL* curl;
+    CURLcode res;
+    std::string readBuffer;
+
+    curl = curl_easy_init();  // Initialize cURL
+    if(curl) {
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());  // Set the URL
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, WriteCallback);  // Set the callback function
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &readBuffer);  // Set the buffer to store the response
+        res = curl_easy_perform(curl);  // Perform the request
+
+        if(res != CURLE_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "cURL error: " << curl_easy_strerror(res) << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);  // Clean up cURL
+    }
+
+    return readBuffer;
+}
+
+// Matrix Multiplication Function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> MMULT(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x,
+                                       std::vector<std::vector<double>> y)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> result;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    double total = 0;
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < y[0].size(); ++j){
+            total = 0;
+            for(int k = 0; k < x[0].size(); ++k){
+                total += x[i][k]*y[k][j];
+            }
+            temp.push_back(total);
+        }
+        result.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Matrix Transpose Function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> TRANSPOSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> z)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> X;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    for(int i = 0; i < z[0].size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < z.size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(z[j][i]);
+        }
+        X.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return X;
+}
+
+// Inverse Matrix Function using Gaussian Elimination
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> INVERSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> I;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    int n = x.size();
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            if(i == j){
+                temp.push_back(1.0);
+            } else {
+                temp.push_back(0.0);
+            }
+        }
+        I.push_back(temp);
+    }
+
+    double A, B;
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            A = x[i][j];
+            B = x[j][j];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[i][k] = x[i][k] - (A/B)*x[j][k];
+                I[i][k] = I[i][k] - (A/B)*I[j][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            A = x[j][i];
+            B = x[i][i];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[j][k] = x[j][k] - (A/B)*x[i][k];
+                I[j][k] = I[j][k] - (A/B)*I[i][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            I[i][j] = I[i][j] / x[i][i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return I;
+}
+
+// Multiplies a matrix by a coeffecient
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> FACTOR(double a, std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < x[0].size(); ++j){
+            x[i][j] *= a;
+        }
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+// Adds or Subtracts a matrix from a matrix with sign = -1 or 1
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> ADDSUB(std::vector<std::vector<double>> a, std::vector<std::vector<double>> b, double sign)
+{
+    for(int i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < a[0].size(); ++j){
+            a[i][j] += sign*b[i][j];
+        }
+    }
+    return a;
+}
+
+// Calculates the rate of return matrix of a given matrix of stock prices
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> RateOfReturn(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> y;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    for(int i = 1; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < x[0].size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(x[i][j]/x[i-1][j] - 1.0);
+        }
+        y.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return y;
+}
+
+// Fetches the stock price data and stores them into a map with the key being the stock ticker and the value being the vector of close prices
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> Cyclone(std::vector<std::string> tickA, std::vector<std::string> tickB){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> prices;
+
+    // Fetches stocks
+    for(auto & ticker : tickA){
+        // Fetch the stock data
+        std::string resp = Request(fmp_address(ticker));
+        std::stringstream ss(resp);
+        ptree df;
+        // Parse string to JSON using Boost
+        read_json(ss, df);
+        for(ptree::const_iterator it = df.begin(); it != df.end(); ++it){
+            if(it->first == "historical"){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                        if(kt->first == "adjClose"){
+                            // Store adjusted close prices in map vector based on stock ticker
+                            prices[ticker].push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Reverse prices so oldest price is first and newest price is last
+        std::reverse(prices[ticker].begin(), prices[ticker].end());
+    }
+
+    // Fetches hedging instruments
+    for(auto & ticker : tickB){
+        // Fetches data from Financial Modeling Prep
+        std::string resp = Request(fmp_address(ticker));
+        std::stringstream ss(resp);
+        ptree df;
+        // Parses response as JSON with Boost
+        read_json(ss, df);
+        for(ptree::const_iterator it = df.begin(); it != df.end(); ++it){
+            if(it->first == "historical"){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                        if(kt->first == "adjClose"){
+                            // Stores adjusted close prices in map  
+                            prices[ticker].push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Oldest prices first, newest prices last
+        std::reverse(prices[ticker].begin(), prices[ticker].end());
+    }
+    return prices;
+}
+
+// Calculates the Minimum Variance Portfolio
+std::vector<double> MinVariancePortfolio(std::vector<std::vector<double>> ror, int lookback)
+{
+    // Generates a set of weights for each inputted portfolio returns snapshot
+    auto solver = [](std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+
+        // Sets bounds
+        int m = x.size();
+        int n = x[0].size();
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> mu, cov, temporary;
+
+        // Calculates the mean vector
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
+            mu.push_back({1.0});
+        }
+        mu = FACTOR(1.0/((double) m), MMULT(TRANSPOSE(mu), x));
+
+        // Subtracts mean from returns matrix
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
+            for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+                x[i][j] -= mu[0][j];
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Calculates the covariance matrix
+        cov = FACTOR(1.0/((double) m - 1), MMULT(TRANSPOSE(x), x));
+
+        // Multiplies covariance matrix by 2.0 for the MinVariance matrix
+        cov = FACTOR(2.0, cov);
+        std::vector<double> ones, weights;
+        mu.clear();
+
+        // Adds 1.0 to each column in the matrix
+        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+            cov[i].push_back(1.0);
+            ones.push_back(1.0);
+            mu.push_back({0.0}); // Necessary for matrix multiplication
+        }
+        // Adds 1.0 to each row in the matrix
+        ones.push_back(0.0);
+        cov.push_back(ones);
+        mu.push_back({1.0});
+
+        // Computes the weights of the portfolio by taking the inverse matrix and multiplying it by zeros
+        temporary = MMULT(INVERSE(cov), mu);
+        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+            weights.push_back(temporary[i][0]);
+        }
+        return weights;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<double> result;
+
+    // Takes a rolling snapshot of the rate of returns matrix and inputs it into the solver to generate min-variance weights
+    for(int i = lookback; i < ror.size(); ++i){
+        // Returns snapshot
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> hold_items = {ror.begin() + (i - lookback), ror.begin() + i};
+
+        // Allocated weights
+        std::vector<double> weights = solver(hold_items);
+
+        // Summation to generate weighted portfolio from inputted stocks
+        double total = 0;
+        for(int j = 0; j < ror[0].size(); ++j){
+            total += weights[j]*ror[i][j];
+        }
+        if(std::isinf(total) || std::isnan(total)){
+            total = 0;
+        }
+        result.push_back(total);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Uses the Kalman Filter to calculate a hedging ratio along with its test statistic to test significance
+std::vector<double> HedgingRatio(std::vector<double> x, std::vector<double> y){
+    std::vector<double> result;
+
+    // Used for building a quick vector off just x[i]
+    auto bx = [](double ux){
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> result = {{1.0}, {ux}};
+        return result;
+    };
+
+    // Calculates the mean of a given vector
+    auto mean = [](std::vector<double> q){
+        double total = 0;
+        for(auto & i : q){
+            total += i;
+        }
+        total /= ((double) q.size());
+        return total;
+    };
+    
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> B, Bp, Pp, Q, P, Yp, K, DK, deltaB;
+    double R = 0;
+
+    // Set initial parameters to Kalman Filter inputs
+    B = {{0.1}, {0.1}};
+    Bp = {{0.1}, {0.1}};
+    Pp = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+    Q = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+    P = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+
+    // Kalman Filter Processing
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        // Iterate newest beta
+        Bp = B;
+
+        // Add Q and P
+        Pp = ADDSUB(Q, P, 1.0);
+
+        // Generate Yhat for current point
+        Yp = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(Bp), bx(x[i]));
+
+        // Compute the R parameter which is the average residual
+        if(i > 2){
+            R = 0;
+            for(int t = 0; t < i; ++t){
+                R += pow(y[t] - (Bp[0][0] + Bp[1][0]*x[t]), 2);
+            }
+            R = R / ((double) i - 1);
+        }
+
+        // Compute Kalman Gain
+        K = MMULT(Pp, bx(x[i]));
+        DK = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(K), bx(x[i]));
+
+        // Add R to and divide Kalman Gain
+        DK[0][0] += R;
+        for(int t = 0; t < K.size(); ++t){
+            K[t][0] /= DK[0][0];
+        }
+        // Add beta to error multiplied by Kalman gain
+        B = ADDSUB(Bp, FACTOR(y[i] - Yp[0][0], K), 1.0);
+
+        // Update P by subtracting Pp by the multiplication of Kalman gain by X and Pp
+        P = ADDSUB(Pp, MMULT(K, MMULT(TRANSPOSE(bx(x[i])), Pp)), -1.0);
+
+        // Update Q by multiplying the error between beta and predicted beta
+        deltaB = ADDSUB(B, Bp, -1.0);
+        Q = MMULT(deltaB, TRANSPOSE(deltaB));
+    }
+
+    // Compute test statistic off the residual sum of squares and the sum squared of x minus its mean
+    double rss = 0;
+    double bottom = 0;
+    double mux = mean(x);
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        rss += pow(y[i] - (B[0][0] + B[1][0]*x[i]), 2);
+        bottom += pow(x[i] - mux, 2);
+    }
+
+    rss /= ((double) x.size() - 2);
+
+    // Generate test statistic and return hedging ratio with it
+    double t_stat = B[1][0] / sqrt(rss/bottom);
+
+    result.push_back(B[0][0]);
+    result.push_back(B[1][0]);
+    result.push_back(t_stat);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Initialize stock and hedging instrument tickers
+    std::vector<std::string> port_ticks = {"AAPL","MSFT","NVDA","GOOGL"};
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> hedge_items = {
+        {"VDC","Vangaurd Consumer Staples ETF"},
+        {"IXJ","iShares Global Healthcare ETF"},
+        {"SHY","iShares 1-3 Year Treasury Bond ETF"},
+        {"GLDM","SPDR Gold MiniShares"}
+    };
+    std::vector<std::string> hedge_ticks = {"VDC","IXJ","SHY","GLDM"};
+
+    // Fetch all price data
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> prices = Cyclone(port_ticks, hedge_ticks);
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> closePort, closeHedge, rorPort, rorHedge;
+
+    // Split up stocks and hedging instrument prices
+    for(auto & tick : port_ticks){
+        closePort.push_back(prices[tick]);
+    }
+
+    for(auto & tick : hedge_ticks){
+        closeHedge.push_back(prices[tick]);
+    }
+
+    // Transpose matrices in order to easily compute the rate of returns
+    closePort = TRANSPOSE(closePort);
+    closeHedge = TRANSPOSE(closeHedge);
+
+    rorPort = RateOfReturn(closePort);
+    rorHedge = RateOfReturn(closeHedge);
+
+    // Transpose hedging instruments back so they are easier to loop through for the kalman filter
+    rorHedge = TRANSPOSE(rorHedge);
+
+    int lookback = 100;
+
+    // Generate the Minimum Variance Portfolio from the stock data returns
+    std::vector<double> PortfolioReturns = MinVariancePortfolio(rorPort, lookback);
+
+    // Calculate regression line x-axis off the portfolio returns min and max
+    auto min_p = std::min_element(PortfolioReturns.begin(), PortfolioReturns.end());
+    auto max_p = std::max_element(PortfolioReturns.begin(), PortfolioReturns.end());
+
+    double x0 = (double) *min_p;
+    double x1 = (double) *max_p;
+
+    int line_length = 100;
+    double dX = (x1 - x0)/(line_length - 1);
+
+
+    std::vector<double> XP;
+    for(int i = 0; i < line_length; ++i){
+        XP.push_back(x0 + i*dX);
+    }
+
+    // Generate plots
+    std::vector<PyObject*> plots;
+    for(auto & place : {221, 222, 223, 224}){
+        plots.push_back(plt::chart2D(place));
+    }
+
+    // Generate hedging parameters and construct regression to be plotted
+    for(int i = 0; i < hedge_ticks.size(); ++i){
+        
+        // Adjust hedging data to match portfolio returns dimensions
+        rorHedge[i] = {rorHedge[i].begin() + lookback, rorHedge[i].end()};
+        std::vector<double> hp = HedgingRatio(PortfolioReturns, rorHedge[i]);
+        
+        plt::PlotTitle(plots[i], hedge_items[hedge_ticks[i]]);
+        std::vector<double> YP;
+
+        for(int t = 0; t < XP.size(); ++t){
+            YP.push_back(hp[0] + hp[1]*XP[t]);
+        }
+
+        // Plot the points and regression line
+        plt::scatter2D(plots[i], PortfolioReturns, rorHedge[i], "red");
+        plt::plot2D(plots[i], XP, YP, "blue");
+
+        // Prints out whether each hedging instrument has a significant ratio or not
+        std::cout << hedge_ticks[i] << " has a test-statistic of " << hp[2] << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    
+    plt::show();
+
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Hedge/matplotlibcpp.h b/Hedge/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hedge/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/MV/hedge.sh b/MV/hedge.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24e0a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MV/hedge.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ hfund.cpp -std=c++17 -lcurl -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MV/hfund.cpp b/MV/hfund.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7693e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MV/hfund.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <boost/property_tree/ptree.hpp>
+#include <boost/property_tree/json_parser.hpp>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <Python.h>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+using namespace boost::property_tree;
+
+std::string fmp_address(std::string ticker){
+    std::string url = "https://financialmodelingprep.com";
+    std::string key = "";
+    std::string endpoint = "/api/v3/historical-price-full/" + ticker + "?apikey=" + key;
+    return url + endpoint;
+}
+
+// Callback function to handle the data received from the GET request
+size_t WriteCallback(void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, std::string* s) {
+    size_t newLength = size * nmemb;
+    try {
+        s->append((char*)contents, newLength);
+    } catch (std::bad_alloc& e) {
+        // Handle memory problem if needed
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return newLength;
+}
+
+// Function to perform a GET request
+std::string Request(const std::string& url) {
+    CURL* curl;
+    CURLcode res;
+    std::string readBuffer;
+
+    curl = curl_easy_init();  // Initialize cURL
+    if(curl) {
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());  // Set the URL
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, WriteCallback);  // Set the callback function
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &readBuffer);  // Set the buffer to store the response
+        res = curl_easy_perform(curl);  // Perform the request
+
+        if(res != CURLE_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "cURL error: " << curl_easy_strerror(res) << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);  // Clean up cURL
+    }
+
+    return readBuffer;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> MMULT(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x,
+                                       std::vector<std::vector<double>> y)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> result;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    double total = 0;
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < y[0].size(); ++j){
+            total = 0;
+            for(int k = 0; k < x[0].size(); ++k){
+                total += x[i][k]*y[k][j];
+            }
+            temp.push_back(total);
+        }
+        result.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> TRANSPOSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> z)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> X;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    for(int i = 0; i < z[0].size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < z.size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(z[j][i]);
+        }
+        X.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return X;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> INVERSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> I;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    int n = x.size();
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            if(i == j){
+                temp.push_back(1.0);
+            } else {
+                temp.push_back(0.0);
+            }
+        }
+        I.push_back(temp);
+    }
+
+    double A, B;
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            A = x[i][j];
+            B = x[j][j];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[i][k] = x[i][k] - (A/B)*x[j][k];
+                I[i][k] = I[i][k] - (A/B)*I[j][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            A = x[j][i];
+            B = x[i][i];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[j][k] = x[j][k] - (A/B)*x[i][k];
+                I[j][k] = I[j][k] - (A/B)*I[i][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            I[i][j] = I[i][j] / x[i][i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    return I;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> FACTOR(double a, std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < x[0].size(); ++j){
+            x[i][j] *= a;
+        }
+    }
+    return x;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> ADDSUB(std::vector<std::vector<double>> a, std::vector<std::vector<double>> b, double sign)
+{
+    for(int i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < a[0].size(); ++j){
+            a[i][j] += sign*b[i][j];
+        }
+    }
+    return a;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> RateOfReturn(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> y;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    for(int i = 1; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < x[0].size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(x[i][j]/x[i-1][j] - 1.0);
+        }
+        y.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return y;
+}
+
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> Cyclone(std::vector<std::string> tickA, std::vector<std::string> tickB){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> prices;
+
+    for(auto & ticker : tickA){
+        std::string resp = Request(fmp_address(ticker));
+        std::cout << ticker << " is loading" << std::endl;
+        sleep(2);
+        std::stringstream ss(resp);
+        ptree df;
+        read_json(ss, df);
+        for(ptree::const_iterator it = df.begin(); it != df.end(); ++it){
+            if(it->first == "historical"){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                        if(kt->first == "adjClose"){
+                            prices[ticker].push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        std::reverse(prices[ticker].begin(), prices[ticker].end());
+    }
+    for(auto & ticker : tickB){
+        std::string resp = Request(fmp_address(ticker));
+        std::cout << ticker << " is loading" << std::endl;
+        sleep(2);
+        std::stringstream ss(resp);
+        ptree df;
+        read_json(ss, df);
+        for(ptree::const_iterator it = df.begin(); it != df.end(); ++it){
+            if(it->first == "historical"){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                    for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                        if(kt->first == "adjClose"){
+                            prices[ticker].push_back(atof(kt->second.get_value<std::string>().c_str()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        std::reverse(prices[ticker].begin(), prices[ticker].end());
+    }
+    return prices;
+}
+
+std::vector<double> MinVariancePortfolio(std::vector<std::vector<double>> ror, int lookback)
+{
+    auto solver = [](std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+        int m = x.size();
+        int n = x[0].size();
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> mu, cov, temporary;
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
+            mu.push_back({1.0});
+        }
+        mu = FACTOR(1.0/((double) m), MMULT(TRANSPOSE(mu), x));
+        for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
+            for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+                x[i][j] -= mu[0][j];
+            }
+        }
+        cov = FACTOR(1.0/((double) m - 1), MMULT(TRANSPOSE(x), x));
+        /*
+            ((2E, 1),
+             (1, 0))      (0, 1)
+        
+        */
+
+        cov = FACTOR(2.0, cov);
+        std::vector<double> ones, weights;
+        mu.clear();
+        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+            cov[i].push_back(1.0);
+            ones.push_back(1.0);
+            mu.push_back({0.0});
+        }
+        ones.push_back(0.0);
+        cov.push_back(ones);
+        mu.push_back({1.0});
+
+        temporary = MMULT(INVERSE(cov), mu);
+        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+            weights.push_back(temporary[i][0]);
+        }
+        return weights;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<double> result;
+
+    for(int i = lookback; i < ror.size(); ++i){
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> hold_items = {ror.begin() + (i - lookback), ror.begin() + i};
+        std::vector<double> weights = solver(hold_items);
+        double total = 0;
+        for(int j = 0; j < ror[0].size(); ++j){
+            total += weights[j]*ror[i][j];
+        }
+        if(std::isinf(total) || std::isnan(total)){
+            total = 0;
+        }
+        result.push_back(total);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::vector<double> HedgingRatio(std::vector<double> x, std::vector<double> y){
+    std::vector<double> result;
+    auto bx = [](double ux){
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> result = {{1.0}, {ux}};
+        return result;
+    };
+
+    auto mean = [](std::vector<double> q){
+        double total = 0;
+        for(auto & i : q){
+            total += i;
+        }
+        total /= ((double) q.size());
+        return total;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> B, Bp, Pp, Q, P, Yp, K, DK, deltaB;
+    double R = 0;
+
+    B = {{0.1}, {0.1}};
+    Bp = {{0.1}, {0.1}};
+    Pp = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+    Q = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+    P = {{1.0, 0.0}, {0.0, 1.0}};
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        Bp = B;
+        Pp = ADDSUB(Q, P, 1.0);
+        Yp = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(Bp), bx(x[i]));
+        if(i > 2){
+            R = 0;
+            for(int t = 0; t < i; ++t){
+                R += pow(y[t] - (Bp[0][0] + Bp[1][0]*x[t]), 2);
+            }
+            R = R / ((double) i - 1);
+        }
+        K = MMULT(Pp, bx(x[i]));
+        DK = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(K), bx(x[i]));
+        DK[0][0] += R;
+        for(int t = 0; t < K.size(); ++t){
+            K[t][0] /= DK[0][0];
+        }
+        B = ADDSUB(Bp, FACTOR(y[i] - Yp[0][0], K), 1.0);
+        P = ADDSUB(Pp, MMULT(K, MMULT(TRANSPOSE(bx(x[i])), Pp)), -1.0);
+        deltaB = ADDSUB(B, Bp, -1.0);
+        Q = MMULT(deltaB, TRANSPOSE(deltaB));
+    }
+
+    double rss = 0;
+    double bottom = 0;
+    double mux = mean(x);
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        rss += pow(y[i] - (B[0][0] + B[1][0]*x[i]), 2);
+        bottom += pow(x[i] - mux, 2);
+    }
+
+    rss /= ((double) x.size() - 2);
+    double t_stat = B[1][0] / sqrt(rss/bottom);
+
+    result.push_back(B[0][0]);
+    result.push_back(B[1][0]);
+    result.push_back(t_stat);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Computes Bayesian Normal Updates for returns to smooth the returns
+std::vector<double> Bayesian(std::vector<double> x, int window){
+    // Computes the mean of a given vector
+    auto average = [](std::vector<double> xp){
+        double total = 0;
+        for(auto & i : xp){
+            total += i;
+        }
+        return total / (double) xp.size();
+    };
+    // Computes the variance of a given vector
+    auto variance = [&](std::vector<double> xp){
+        double total = 0, mu = average(xp);
+        for(auto & i : xp){
+            total += pow(i - mu, 2);
+        }
+        return total / ((double) xp.size() - 1);
+    };
+    std::vector<double> result, hold, init;
+    // Divides data based on window length
+    init = {x.begin(), x.begin()+window};
+    x = {x.begin()+window, x.end()};
+
+    // Compute the variance and mean of the init vector for formula
+    double tau = variance(init);
+    double mu = average(init);
+
+    // Capture a rolling window of returns and keep computing its sigma and updating its tau
+    for(int i = window; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        hold = {x.begin()+i-window, x.begin()+i};
+        double sigma = variance(hold);
+        tau = 1.0 / ((1.0/tau) + (1.0/sigma));
+        mu = tau*((mu/tau) + (x[i]/sigma));
+        result.push_back(mu);
+        tau = sigma;
+        mu = average(hold);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    std::vector<std::string> port_ticks = {"AAPL","MSFT","NVDA","GOOGL","AMZN","ORCL","TSLA"};
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> hedge_items = {
+        {"VDC","Vangaurd Consumer Staples ETF"},
+        {"IXJ","iShares Global Healthcare ETF"},
+        {"SHY","iShares 1-3 Year Treasury Bond ETF"},
+        {"GLDM","SPDR Gold MiniShares"}
+    };
+    std::vector<std::string> hedge_ticks = {"VDC","IXJ","SHY","GLDM"};
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<double>> prices = Cyclone(port_ticks, hedge_ticks);
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> closePort, closeHedge, rorPort, rorHedge;
+
+    for(auto & tick : port_ticks){
+        closePort.push_back(prices[tick]);
+    }
+
+    for(auto & tick : hedge_ticks){
+        closeHedge.push_back(prices[tick]);
+    }
+
+    closePort = TRANSPOSE(closePort);
+    closeHedge = TRANSPOSE(closeHedge);
+
+    rorPort = RateOfReturn(closePort);
+    rorHedge = RateOfReturn(closeHedge);
+
+    rorHedge = TRANSPOSE(rorHedge);
+
+    int lookback = 100;
+
+    std::vector<double> PortfolioReturns = MinVariancePortfolio(rorPort, lookback);
+
+    // Run the portfolio returns through the Bayesian function, all else is same
+    PortfolioReturns = Bayesian(PortfolioReturns, lookback);
+
+    auto min_p = std::min_element(PortfolioReturns.begin(), PortfolioReturns.end());
+    auto max_p = std::max_element(PortfolioReturns.begin(), PortfolioReturns.end());
+
+    double x0 = (double) *min_p;
+    double x1 = (double) *max_p;
+
+    int line_length = 100;
+    double dX = (x1 - x0)/(line_length - 1);
+
+
+    std::vector<double> XP;
+    for(int i = 0; i < line_length; ++i){
+        XP.push_back(x0 + i*dX);
+    }
+    
+    std::vector<PyObject*> plots;
+    for(auto & place : {221, 222, 223, 224}){
+        plots.push_back(plt::chart2D(place));
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < hedge_ticks.size(); ++i){
+        rorHedge[i] = {rorHedge[i].begin() + lookback*3, rorHedge[i].end()};
+        std::vector<double> hp = HedgingRatio(PortfolioReturns, rorHedge[i]);
+        
+        plt::PlotTitle(plots[i], hedge_items[hedge_ticks[i]]);
+        std::vector<double> YP;
+
+        for(int t = 0; t < XP.size(); ++t){
+            YP.push_back(hp[0] + hp[1]*XP[t]);
+        }
+
+        plt::scatter2D(plots[i], PortfolioReturns, rorHedge[i], "red");
+        plt::plot2D(plots[i], XP, YP, "blue");
+
+        std::cout << hedge_ticks[i] << " has a test-statistic of " << hp[2] << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    
+    plt::show();
+
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/MV/matplotlibcpp.h b/MV/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MV/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/MV/mv.png b/MV/mv.png
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diff --git a/MV/tau.png b/MV/tau.png
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diff --git a/Quadratic/matplotlibcpp.h b/Quadratic/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Quadratic/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/Quadratic/quad.cpp b/Quadratic/quad.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6f8c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Quadratic/quad.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#define USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Return PI
+double pi(){
+    return M_PI;
+}
+
+// Main Equation 
+double FX3D(double x, double y){
+    return std::sin(x*y) + std::cos(x*y);
+}
+
+// Matrix Multiplication Function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> MMULT(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x, std::vector<std::vector<double>> y){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> z;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    double total = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < y[0].size(); ++j){
+            total = 0;
+            for(int k = 0; k < x[0].size(); ++k){
+                total += x[i][k]*y[k][j];
+            }
+            temp.push_back(total);
+        }
+        z.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+// Returns two doubles as a 2D matrix
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> Matrix(double a, double b){
+    return {{a}, {b}};
+}
+
+// Transpose Matrix Function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> TRANSPOSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> y;
+    std::vector<double> ty;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x[0].size(); ++i){
+        ty.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < x.size(); ++j){
+            ty.push_back(x[j][i]);
+        }
+        y.push_back(ty);
+    }
+    return y;
+}
+
+// Jacobian Vector with First Order Derivatives
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> Jacobian(double x0, double y0){
+    double first = std::cos(x0*y0)*y0;
+    double second = std::sin(x0*y0)*y0;
+    double third = std::cos(x0*y0)*x0;
+    double fourth = std::sin(x0*y0)*x0;
+    return {{first - second}, {third - fourth}};
+}
+
+// Hessian Matrix with Second Order Derivatives
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> Hessian(double x0, double y0){
+    double first = -std::sin(x0*y0)*pow(y0, 2) - std::cos(x0*y0)*pow(y0, 2);
+    double second = -std::sin(x0*y0)*pow(x0, 2) - std::cos(x0*y0)*pow(x0, 2);
+    double third = std::cos(x0*y0) - std::sin(x0*y0)*x0*y0 - std::sin(x0*y0) - std::cos(x0*y0)*x0*y0;
+    return {{first, third},{third, second}};
+}
+
+// Quadratic Approximation Equation centered at a point (x0, y0)
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> QUADRATIC(std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> EQ, double x0, double y0){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> QFIN;
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> D2;
+
+    std::vector<double> tx, ty, tz;
+    for(int i = 0; i < EQ["x"].size(); ++i){
+        tx.clear();
+        ty.clear();
+        tz.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < EQ["x"][0].size(); ++j){
+            // Center point
+            D2 = Matrix(EQ["x"][i][j] - x0, EQ["y"][i][j] - y0);
+
+            // Compute components of Quadratic matrix equation
+            double atime = FX3D(x0, y0);
+            double jtime = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(Jacobian(x0, y0)), D2)[0][0];
+            double htime = MMULT(TRANSPOSE(D2), MMULT(Hessian(x0, y0), D2))[0][0];
+
+            // Build x, y, and z rows for 3D Chart
+            tx.push_back(EQ["x"][i][j]);
+            ty.push_back(EQ["y"][i][j]);
+            tz.push_back(atime + jtime + htime);
+        }
+        // Store each row for 3D chart
+        QFIN["x"].push_back(tx);
+        QFIN["y"].push_back(ty);
+        QFIN["z"].push_back(tz);
+    }
+
+    return QFIN;
+}
+
+// Returns a meshgrid of the inputs and generates the equation to be approximated
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> GRID(double a, double b){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> G;
+    int n = 50;
+    double dx = (b - a)/((double) n - 1);
+    std::vector<double> tx, ty, tz;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        double u = a + i*dx;
+        tx.clear();
+        ty.clear();
+        tz.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            double v = a + j*dx;
+            tx.push_back(u);
+            ty.push_back(v);
+            tz.push_back(FX3D(u, v));
+        }
+        G["x"].push_back(tx);
+        G["y"].push_back(ty);
+        G["z"].push_back(tz);
+    }
+    return G;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Generate 3D plot
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(111);
+
+    // Return a grid between -pi/2 and pi/2
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> EQ = GRID(-pi()/2, pi()/2);
+
+    // Return quadratic approximation equation
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> QuantFinance = QUADRATIC(EQ, 1.0, 1.0);
+
+    // Plot the original equation and its quadratic approximation
+    plt::surface3DMap(ax, EQ["x"], EQ["y"], EQ["z"], "jet", 1.0);
+    plt::surface3D(ax, QuantFinance["x"], QuantFinance["y"], QuantFinance["z"], "red", 1.0);
+
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Quadratic/quad.sh b/Quadratic/quad.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c122ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Quadratic/quad.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ quad.cpp -std=c++17 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Quadratic/quadratic.png b/Quadratic/quadratic.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..694aa7b
Binary files /dev/null and b/Quadratic/quadratic.png differ
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0f8479f..9e4c1c7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,3 +1,57 @@
+# Project Extensions
+
+## Description
+I forked this C++ plotting library and added a feature to animate 3D plots. The original version does not do this in an effecient way as each iteration of the 3D plot prints out a new figure. These are the projects I have done with this amazing library
+
+### 3D Gradient Descent Plotting
+
+#### Description
+In this program I dive deep into the plotters code and move the 3D figure rendering to the interpreter of the namespace in order to call it as a global variable rather than just restricting 3D rendering to a single function
+
+#### Video Link
+[YouTube Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOZDyFmWDtw)
+
+#### Preview
+![alt](https://github.com/MoQuant/matplotlib-cpp/blob/master/AlterGUI/altergui.png)
+
+### Limit OrderBook Visualization
+
+#### Description
+In this program I stream the level2 orderbook on Bitcoin from Coinbase Pro and I generate an animated 3D chart of the book showcasing orders flowing in and out
+
+#### Video Link
+[YouTube Video](https://youtu.be/h9awfTMfnUI?feature=shared)
+
+#### Preview
+![alt](https://github.com/MoQuant/matplotlib-cpp/blob/master/BookViz/bookviz.png)
+
+### Credit Default Swap Spread Visulaization
+
+#### Description
+In this video I visualize credit spreads between fixed and floating legs and use Newton Ralphson's method to solve for the optimal spread between the two
+
+#### Video Link
+[YouTube Video](https://youtu.be/kuD_NKkQup8?feature=shared)
+
+#### Preview
+![alt](https://github.com/MoQuant/matplotlib-cpp/blob/master/CreditRisk/creditrisk.png)
+
+
+### MinVariance Portfolio Hedger
+
+#### Description
+In this program I calculate a MinVariance portfolio from several technology stocks and use a Kalman Filter to calculate the hedging ratio between the portfolio and four ETF's to see which is the best hedging instrument
+
+#### Video Link
+[YouTube Video](https://youtu.be/DXFp_5QVdd4?feature=shared)
+
+#### Preview
+![alt](https://github.com/MoQuant/matplotlib-cpp/blob/master/Hedge/hedge.png)
+
+
+
+# Original Library
+
 matplotlib-cpp
 ==============
 
diff --git a/Rotate/matplotlibcpp.h b/Rotate/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rotate/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/Rotate/rotate.cpp b/Rotate/rotate.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e75156a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rotate/rotate.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <string>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Generate 2D parabola
+double fx(double x){
+    return pow(x, 2);
+}
+
+// Generate 3D parabola
+double fx3D(double x, double y){
+    return pow(x, 2) + pow(y, 2);
+}
+
+// Build a grid map of the original 3D parabola equation
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> arange3D(double a, double b){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> z;
+    int n = 50;
+    double dx = (b - a)/((double) n - 1);
+    std::vector<double> tx, ty, tz;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        tx.clear();
+        ty.clear();
+        tz.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            tx.push_back(a + i*dx);
+            ty.push_back(a + j*dx);
+            tz.push_back(fx3D(a + i*dx, a + j*dx));
+        }
+        z["x"].push_back(tx);
+        z["y"].push_back(ty);
+        z["z"].push_back(tz);
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+// Build a line between the points a and b
+std::vector<double> arange(double a, double b){
+    int n = 40;
+    double dx = (b - a)/((double) n - 1);
+    std::vector<double> result;
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        result.push_back(a + i*dx);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Matrix multiplication function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> mmult(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x, std::vector<std::vector<double>> y){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> z;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    double total = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < y[0].size(); ++j){
+            total = 0;
+            for(int k = 0; k < x[0].size(); ++k){
+                total += x[i][k]*y[k][j];
+            }
+            temp.push_back(total);
+        }
+        z.push_back(temp);
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+// Rotation matrix which uses sine and cosine to rotate by an inputted theta variable
+void Rotate(std::vector<double> & x, std::vector<double> & y, double theta){
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> temp, rf;
+        rf = {{std::cos(theta), -std::sin(theta)},{std::sin(theta), std::cos(theta)}};
+        temp = {{x[i]}, {y[i]}};
+        temp = mmult(rf, temp);
+        x[i] = temp[0][0];
+        y[i] = temp[1][0];
+    }
+}
+
+// 3D Rotation matrix which uses sine and cosine to rotate 3D function with an inputted theta
+void Rotate3D(std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> & H, double theta){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> rotateX, rotateY, rotateZ, turn;
+
+    // Rotate along x-axis
+    rotateX = {
+        {1, 0, 0},
+        {0, std::cos(theta), -std::sin(theta)},
+        {0, std::sin(theta), std::cos(theta)}
+    };
+
+    // Rotate along y-axis
+    rotateY = {
+        {std::cos(theta), 0, -std::sin(theta)},
+        {0, 1, 0},
+        {std::sin(theta), 0, std::cos(theta)}
+    };
+
+    // Rotate along z-axis
+    rotateZ = {
+        {std::cos(theta), -std::sin(theta), 0},
+        {std::sin(theta), std::cos(theta), 0},
+        {0, 0, 1}
+    };
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < H["x"].size(); ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < H["x"][0].size(); ++j){
+            // Rotate each point
+            turn = {{H["x"][i][j]}, {H["y"][i][j]}, {H["z"][i][j]}};
+            turn = mmult(rotateX, turn);
+            turn = mmult(rotateY, turn);
+            turn = mmult(rotateZ, turn);
+
+            // Update each point after rotation
+            H["x"][i][j] = turn[0][0];
+            H["y"][i][j] = turn[1][0];
+            H["z"][i][j] = turn[2][0];
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+// 2D rotation animation
+void rotate2D()
+{
+    // Declare 2D plot
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart2D(111);
+
+    std::vector<double> x, y;
+
+    // Set bounds
+    x = arange(-4, 4);
+    for(auto & i : x){
+        y.push_back(fx(i));
+    }
+
+    // Animated rotation plot
+    for(int i = 0; i < 20; ++i){
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+        Rotate(std::ref(x), std::ref(y), 0.05);
+        plt::plot2D(ax, x, y, "red");
+        plt::pause(1);
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+    
+}
+
+// 3D rotation animation
+void rotate3D()
+{
+    // Generate grid map
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> H = arange3D(-4, 4);
+
+    // Initialize 3D plot
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(111);
+
+    // Animated plot
+    for(int i = 0; i < 40; ++i){
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+
+        // Store data from each rotation
+        Rotate3D(std::ref(H), 0.05);
+
+        // Plot the rotation
+        plt::surface3DMap(ax, H["x"], H["y"], H["z"], "jet", 1.0);
+        plt::pause(1);
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+}
+
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Animate 3D rotation plot
+    rotate3D();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Rotate/rotate.png b/Rotate/rotate.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56dab9a
Binary files /dev/null and b/Rotate/rotate.png differ
diff --git a/Rotate/rotate.sh b/Rotate/rotate.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2a5f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rotate/rotate.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ rotate.cpp -std=c++17 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SABRModel/a.out b/SABRModel/a.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e41deec
Binary files /dev/null and b/SABRModel/a.out differ
diff --git a/SABRModel/ivz.png b/SABRModel/ivz.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1c1cc4
Binary files /dev/null and b/SABRModel/ivz.png differ
diff --git a/SABRModel/matplotlibcpp.h b/SABRModel/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SABRModel/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/SABRModel/sabr.cpp b/SABRModel/sabr.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd8164e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SABRModel/sabr.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <map>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <curl/curl.h>
+#include <boost/property_tree/ptree.hpp>
+#include <boost/property_tree/json_parser.hpp>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <Python.h>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+using namespace boost::property_tree;
+
+// Financial Modeling Prep API address
+std::string fmp_address(std::string ticker){
+    std::string url = "https://financialmodelingprep.com";
+    std::string key = "";
+    std::string endpoint = "/api/v3/historical-price-full/" + ticker + "?apikey=" + key;
+    return url + endpoint;
+}
+
+// Callback function to handle the data received from the GET request
+size_t WriteCallback(void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, std::string* s) {
+    size_t newLength = size * nmemb;
+    try {
+        s->append((char*)contents, newLength);
+    } catch (std::bad_alloc& e) {
+        // Handle memory problem if needed
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return newLength;
+}
+
+// Function to perform a GET request
+std::string Request(const std::string& url) {
+    CURL* curl;
+    CURLcode res;
+    std::string readBuffer;
+
+    curl = curl_easy_init();  // Initialize cURL
+    if(curl) {
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());  // Set the URL
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, WriteCallback);  // Set the callback function
+        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &readBuffer);  // Set the buffer to store the response
+        res = curl_easy_perform(curl);  // Perform the request
+
+        if(res != CURLE_OK) {
+            std::cerr << "cURL error: " << curl_easy_strerror(res) << std::endl;
+        }
+
+        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);  // Clean up cURL
+    }
+
+    return readBuffer;
+}
+
+// Pulls stock data on an inputted ticker
+std::vector<double> PullStockData(std::string ticker){
+    std::vector<double> close;
+
+    // Fetches stock price data and parses it as JSON using Boost
+    std::string response = Request(fmp_address(ticker));
+    std::stringstream ss(response);
+    ptree dataset;
+    read_json(ss, dataset);
+    for(ptree::const_iterator it = dataset.begin(); it != dataset.end(); ++it){
+        if(it->first == "historical"){
+            for(ptree::const_iterator jt = it->second.begin(); jt != it->second.end(); ++jt){
+                for(ptree::const_iterator kt = jt->second.begin(); kt != jt->second.end(); ++kt){
+                    if(kt->first == "adjClose"){
+                        // Pulls adjusted close data into a single vector
+                        close.push_back(kt->second.get_value<double>());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Get the oldest price first and newest price last
+    std::reverse(close.begin(), close.end());
+    return close;
+}
+
+// Fetches latest stock price
+double stockPrice(std::vector<double> close){
+    return close[close.size() - 1];
+}
+
+// Generates parameters for SABR model with inuptted close prices
+std::map<std::string, double> Parameters(std::vector<double> close){
+
+    // Computes the average value of a given vector
+    auto mean = [](std::vector<double> x){
+        double average = 0;
+        for(auto & i : x){
+            average += i;
+        }
+        return average / (double) x.size();
+    };
+
+    // Computes the standard deviation of a given vector
+    auto stdev = [&](std::vector<double> x){
+        double mu = mean(x);
+        double volatility = 0;
+        for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+            volatility += pow(x[i] - mu, 2);
+        }
+        return pow(volatility / ((double) x.size() - 1), 0.5);
+    };
+
+    // Calculates the rate of returns
+    std::map<std::string, double> result;
+    std::vector<double> ror;
+    for(int i = 1; i < close.size(); ++i){
+        ror.push_back(close[i]/close[i-1] - 1.0);
+    }
+
+    // Calculates the volatilty of the entire returns vector
+    double ivol = stdev(ror);
+
+    // Calculates the rolling volatility of the returns
+    double window = 100;
+    std::vector<double> store_vol;
+    for(int i = window; i < ror.size(); ++i){
+        std::vector<double> hold = {ror.begin()+i-window, ror.begin()+i};
+        store_vol.push_back(stdev(hold));
+    }
+
+    // Computes the volatility of the volatility
+    double vvol = stdev(store_vol);
+    result["iv"] = ivol;
+    result["sv"] = vvol;
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Generates 3D grid based on the Strike Price, Forward Price, and Time till Expiration
+std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> GRID(std::vector<double> x, std::vector<double> y, std::vector<double> T){
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> result;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        std::vector<double> tempx;
+        std::vector<double> tempy;
+        std::vector<double> tempz;
+        for(int j = 0; j < y.size(); ++j){
+            // Build row grid
+            tempx.push_back(x[i]);
+            tempy.push_back(y[j]);
+            tempz.push_back(T[j]);
+        }
+        // Build matrix
+        result["Strikes"].push_back(tempx);
+        result["Forward"].push_back(tempy);
+        result["Expiry"].push_back(tempz);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Calculates the implied volatility at each point
+double ImpliedVol(double iv, double vvol, double rho, double Ft, double K, double beta){
+    double z = (vvol/iv)*pow(Ft*K, (1 - beta)/2.0)*log(Ft/K);
+    double xz = log((pow(1 - 2.0*rho*z + pow(z, 2), 0.5) + z - rho)/(1 - rho));
+    double adj = (pow(1 - beta, 2)/24.0)*(pow(iv, 2)/pow(Ft*K, 1-beta))+(rho*beta*iv*vvol)/(4.0*pow(Ft*K, (1-beta)/2.0))+(pow(vvol, 2)*(2 - 3*pow(rho, 2)))/24.0;
+    return (iv/pow(Ft*K, (1 - beta)/2.0))*(z/xz)*(1+adj);
+}
+
+// Computes the implied volatility surface based on the strike prices and forward prices and the beta (the beta defines curvature or linear)
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> VolSurface(std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> xy, double iv, double vvol, double rho, double beta){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> vs;
+    std::vector<double> ts;
+    for(int i = 0; i < xy["Strikes"].size(); ++i){
+        ts.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < xy["Forward"].size(); ++j){
+            ts.push_back(ImpliedVol(iv, vvol, rho, xy["Forward"][i][j], xy["Strikes"][i][j], beta));
+        }
+        vs.push_back(ts);
+    }
+    return vs;
+}
+
+// Generaes a line of points between a and b for n size
+std::vector<double> linspace(double a, double b, int n){
+    std::vector<double> result;
+    double dx = (b - a)/(n - 1);
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        result.push_back(a + i*dx);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Declare stocks and 3D plots
+    std::vector<std::string> tickers = {"MSFT","AAPL","AMZN","IBM","NVDA","GOOGL"};
+    std::vector<PyObject*> bx;
+    for(auto & num : {231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236}){
+        bx.push_back(plt::chart(num));
+    }
+
+    // Define rho and risk-free rate
+    double rho = -0.9;
+    double r = 0.044;
+
+    for(int k = 0; k < tickers.size(); ++k){
+        std::string ticker = tickers[k];
+        PyObject * ax = bx[k];
+
+        // Fetch stock price data and grab latest stock price
+        std::vector<double> close = PullStockData(ticker);
+        double S = stockPrice(close);
+
+        // Generate parameters
+        std::map<std::string, double> VOL = Parameters(close);
+
+        // Calculate the forward prices off of time in the range of 7 days to 2 years
+        std::vector<double> T = linspace(7/365.0, 2.0, 100);
+        std::vector<double> Fr;
+        for(int t = 0; t < T.size(); ++t){
+            Fr.push_back(S*exp(r*T[t]));
+        }
+
+        // Set a range for strike prices
+        std::vector<double> K = linspace(0.5*S, 1.5*S, 100);
+
+        // Set a beta and return the Implied Volatility Surface stored in ZVol
+        double beta = 0.3;
+        std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> grid = GRID(K, Fr, T);
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> ZVol = VolSurface(grid, VOL["iv"], VOL["sv"], rho, beta);
+
+        // Plot the Volatility surface for each stock in their respective 3D chart
+        plt::PlotTitle(ax, ticker);
+        plt::surface3DMap(ax, grid["Strikes"], grid["Expiry"], ZVol, "jet", 0.8);
+        plt::Chart3DAxesNames(ax, "Strike Price", "Expiry", "Implied Volatility");
+    }
+
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* PART ONE
+
+This is the animated version where the beta is changed and the vol surface reacts to the change
+
+int main()
+{
+    std::string ticker = "MSFT";
+    double rho = -0.5;
+    double r = 0.044;
+
+    std::vector<double> close = PullStockData(ticker);
+    double S = stockPrice(close);
+
+    std::map<std::string, double> VOL = Parameters(close);
+
+    std::vector<double> T = {7/365.0, 14/365.0, 30/365.0, 60/365.0, 90/365.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0};
+    std::vector<double> Fr;
+    for(int t = 0; t < T.size(); ++t){
+        Fr.push_back(S*exp(r*T[t]));
+    }
+    
+    std::vector<double> K = {390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460};
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart(111);
+
+    for(double beta = 0.0; beta <= 1.0; beta += 0.01){
+        std::map<std::string, std::vector<std::vector<double>>> grid = GRID(K, Fr, T);
+        std::vector<std::vector<double>> ZVol = VolSurface(grid, VOL["iv"], VOL["sv"], rho, beta);
+
+        plt::Clear3DChart(ax);
+        plt::surface3DMap(ax, grid["Strikes"], grid["Expiry"], ZVol, "jet", 0.8);
+        plt::Chart3DAxesNames(ax, "Strike Price", "Expiry", "Implied Volatility");
+        plt::pause(0.001);
+    }
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
+*/
diff --git a/SABRModel/sabr.png b/SABRModel/sabr.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f4eea5
Binary files /dev/null and b/SABRModel/sabr.png differ
diff --git a/SABRModel/sabr.sh b/SABRModel/sabr.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..249cd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SABRModel/sabr.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ sabr.cpp -std=c++17 -lcurl -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
diff --git a/Vandermonde/matplotlibcpp.h b/Vandermonde/matplotlibcpp.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48ff46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vandermonde/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Python headers must be included before any system headers, since
+// they define _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdint> // <cstdint> requires c++11 support
+#include <functional>
+#include <string> // std::stod
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION
+#  include <numpy/arrayobject.h>
+
+#  ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+#    include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
+#  endif // WITH_OPENCV
+
+/*
+ * A bunch of constants were removed in OpenCV 4 in favour of enum classes, so
+ * define the ones we need here.
+ */
+#  if CV_MAJOR_VERSION > 3
+#    define CV_BGR2RGB cv::COLOR_BGR2RGB
+#    define CV_BGRA2RGBA cv::COLOR_BGRA2RGBA
+#  endif
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#  define PyInt_FromLong PyLong_FromLong
+#  define PyString_FromString PyUnicode_FromString
+#endif
+
+
+namespace matplotlibcpp {
+namespace detail {
+
+static std::string s_backend;
+
+struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_show;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_close;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_draw;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_pause;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_save;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_figure;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fignum_exists;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_plot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_quiver;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_contour;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogx;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_semilogy;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_loglog;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_fill_between;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_hist;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_imshow;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_scatter;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_boxplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplot2grid;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_legend;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ion;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ginput;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylim;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_title;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axis;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axhline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvline;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_axvspan;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xlabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_ylabel;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_gca;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xticks;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_yticks;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_margins;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tick_params;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_grid;
+    PyObject* s_python_function_cla;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_clf;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_errorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_annotate;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_tight_layout;
+    PyObject *s_python_colormap;
+    PyObject *s_python_empty_tuple;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_stem;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_xkcd;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_text;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_suptitle;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_bar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_barh;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_colorbar;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_subplots_adjust;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_rcparams;
+    PyObject *s_python_function_spy;
+
+    /* For now, _interpreter is implemented as a singleton since its currently not possible to have
+       multiple independent embedded python interpreters without patching the python source code
+       or starting a separate process for each. [1]
+       Furthermore, many python objects expect that they are destructed in the same thread as they
+       were constructed. [2] So for advanced usage, a `kill()` function is provided so that library
+       users can manually ensure that the interpreter is constructed and destroyed within the
+       same thread.
+
+         1: http://bytes.com/topic/python/answers/793370-multiple-independent-python-interpreters-c-c-program
+         2: https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp/pull/202#issue-436220256
+       */
+
+    static _interpreter& get() {
+        return interkeeper(false);
+    }
+
+    static _interpreter& kill() {
+        return interkeeper(true);
+    }
+
+    // Stores the actual singleton object referenced by `get()` and `kill()`.
+    static _interpreter& interkeeper(bool should_kill) {
+        static _interpreter ctx;
+        if (should_kill)
+            ctx.~_interpreter();
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* safe_import(PyObject* module, std::string fname) {
+        PyObject* fn = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, fname.c_str());
+
+        if (!fn)
+            throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Couldn't find required function: ") + fname);
+
+        if (!PyFunction_Check(fn))
+            throw std::runtime_error(fname + std::string(" is unexpectedly not a PyFunction."));
+
+        return fn;
+    }
+
+private:
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+
+    void *import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#  else
+
+    void import_numpy() {
+        import_array(); // initialize C-API
+    }
+
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+    _interpreter() {
+
+        // optional but recommended
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        wchar_t name[] = L"plotting";
+#else
+        char name[] = "plotting";
+#endif
+        Py_SetProgramName(name);
+        Py_Initialize();
+
+        wchar_t const *dummy_args[] = {L"Python", NULL};  // const is needed because literals must not be modified
+        wchar_t const **argv = dummy_args;
+        int             argc = sizeof(dummy_args)/sizeof(dummy_args[0])-1;
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, const_cast<wchar_t **>(argv));
+#else
+        PySys_SetArgv(argc, (char **)(argv));
+#endif
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        import_numpy(); // initialize numpy C-API
+#endif
+
+        PyObject* matplotlibname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib");
+        PyObject* pyplotname = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.pyplot");
+        PyObject* cmname  = PyString_FromString("matplotlib.cm");
+        PyObject* pylabname  = PyString_FromString("pylab");
+        if (!pyplotname || !pylabname || !matplotlibname || !cmname) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string");
+        }
+
+        PyObject* matplotlib = PyImport_Import(matplotlibname);
+
+        Py_DECREF(matplotlibname);
+        if (!matplotlib) {
+            PyErr_Print();
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib!");
+        }
+
+        // matplotlib.use() must be called *before* pylab, matplotlib.pyplot,
+        // or matplotlib.backends is imported for the first time
+        if (!s_backend.empty()) {
+            PyObject_CallMethod(matplotlib, const_cast<char*>("use"), const_cast<char*>("s"), s_backend.c_str());
+        }
+
+
+
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
+        if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
+
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
+        Py_DECREF(cmname);
+        if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
+
+        PyObject* pylabmod = PyImport_Import(pylabname);
+        Py_DECREF(pylabname);
+        if (!pylabmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module pylab!"); }
+
+        s_python_function_arrow = safe_import(pymod, "arrow");
+        s_python_function_show = safe_import(pymod, "show");
+        s_python_function_close = safe_import(pymod, "close");
+        s_python_function_draw = safe_import(pymod, "draw");
+        s_python_function_pause = safe_import(pymod, "pause");
+        s_python_function_figure = safe_import(pymod, "figure");
+        s_python_function_fignum_exists = safe_import(pymod, "fignum_exists");
+        s_python_function_plot = safe_import(pymod, "plot");
+        s_python_function_quiver = safe_import(pymod, "quiver");
+        s_python_function_contour = safe_import(pymod, "contour");
+        s_python_function_semilogx = safe_import(pymod, "semilogx");
+        s_python_function_semilogy = safe_import(pymod, "semilogy");
+        s_python_function_loglog = safe_import(pymod, "loglog");
+        s_python_function_fill = safe_import(pymod, "fill");
+        s_python_function_fill_between = safe_import(pymod, "fill_between");
+        s_python_function_hist = safe_import(pymod,"hist");
+        s_python_function_scatter = safe_import(pymod,"scatter");
+        s_python_function_boxplot = safe_import(pymod,"boxplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot = safe_import(pymod, "subplot");
+        s_python_function_subplot2grid = safe_import(pymod, "subplot2grid");
+        s_python_function_legend = safe_import(pymod, "legend");
+        s_python_function_xlim = safe_import(pymod, "xlim");
+        s_python_function_ylim = safe_import(pymod, "ylim");
+        s_python_function_title = safe_import(pymod, "title");
+        s_python_function_axis = safe_import(pymod, "axis");
+        s_python_function_axhline = safe_import(pymod, "axhline");
+        s_python_function_axvline = safe_import(pymod, "axvline");
+        s_python_function_axvspan = safe_import(pymod, "axvspan");
+        s_python_function_xlabel = safe_import(pymod, "xlabel");
+        s_python_function_ylabel = safe_import(pymod, "ylabel");
+        s_python_function_gca = safe_import(pymod, "gca");
+        s_python_function_xticks = safe_import(pymod, "xticks");
+        s_python_function_yticks = safe_import(pymod, "yticks");
+        s_python_function_margins = safe_import(pymod, "margins");
+        s_python_function_tick_params = safe_import(pymod, "tick_params");
+        s_python_function_grid = safe_import(pymod, "grid");
+        s_python_function_ion = safe_import(pymod, "ion");
+        s_python_function_ginput = safe_import(pymod, "ginput");
+        s_python_function_save = safe_import(pylabmod, "savefig");
+        s_python_function_annotate = safe_import(pymod,"annotate");
+        s_python_function_cla = safe_import(pymod, "cla");
+        s_python_function_clf = safe_import(pymod, "clf");
+        s_python_function_errorbar = safe_import(pymod, "errorbar");
+        s_python_function_tight_layout = safe_import(pymod, "tight_layout");
+        s_python_function_stem = safe_import(pymod, "stem");
+        s_python_function_xkcd = safe_import(pymod, "xkcd");
+        s_python_function_text = safe_import(pymod, "text");
+        s_python_function_suptitle = safe_import(pymod, "suptitle");
+        s_python_function_bar = safe_import(pymod,"bar");
+        s_python_function_barh = safe_import(pymod, "barh");
+        s_python_function_colorbar = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "colorbar");
+        s_python_function_subplots_adjust = safe_import(pymod,"subplots_adjust");
+        s_python_function_rcparams = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "rcParams");
+	s_python_function_spy = PyObject_GetAttrString(pymod, "spy");
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+        s_python_function_imshow = safe_import(pymod, "imshow");
+#endif
+        s_python_empty_tuple = PyTuple_New(0);
+    }
+
+    ~_interpreter() {
+        Py_Finalize();
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+/// Select the backend
+///
+/// **NOTE:** This must be called before the first plot command to have
+/// any effect.
+///
+/// Mainly useful to select the non-interactive 'Agg' backend when running
+/// matplotlibcpp in headless mode, for example on a machine with no display.
+///
+/// See also: https://matplotlib.org/2.0.2/api/matplotlib_configuration_api.html#matplotlib.use
+inline void backend(const std::string& name)
+{
+    detail::s_backend = name;
+}
+
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_annotate, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
+namespace detail {
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+// Type selector for numpy array conversion
+template <typename T> struct select_npy_type { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_NOTYPE; }; //Default
+template <> struct select_npy_type<double> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_DOUBLE; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<float> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_FLOAT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<bool> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_BOOL; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_SHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<int64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint8_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT8; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint16_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_USHORT; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint32_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_ULONG; };
+template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+
+// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
+// a platform where they don't apply
+/*
+static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
+static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
+template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    npy_intp vsize = v.size();
+    NPY_TYPES type = select_npy_type<Numeric>::type;
+    if (type == NPY_NOTYPE) {
+        size_t memsize = v.size()*sizeof(double);
+        double* dp = static_cast<double*>(::malloc(memsize));
+        for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)
+            dp[i] = v[i];
+        PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, NPY_DOUBLE, dp);
+        PyArray_UpdateFlags(reinterpret_cast<PyArrayObject*>(varray), NPY_ARRAY_OWNDATA);
+        return varray;
+    }
+
+    PyObject* varray = PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(1, &vsize, type, (void*)(v.data()));
+    return varray;
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_2darray(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>>& v)
+{
+    if (v.size() < 1) throw std::runtime_error("get_2d_array v too small");
+
+    npy_intp vsize[2] = {static_cast<npy_intp>(v.size()),
+                         static_cast<npy_intp>(v[0].size())};
+
+    PyArrayObject *varray =
+        (PyArrayObject *)PyArray_SimpleNew(2, vsize, NPY_DOUBLE);
+
+    double *vd_begin = static_cast<double *>(PyArray_DATA(varray));
+
+    for (const ::std::vector<Numeric> &v_row : v) {
+      if (v_row.size() != static_cast<size_t>(vsize[1]))
+        throw std::runtime_error("Missmatched array size");
+      std::copy(v_row.begin(), v_row.end(), vd_begin);
+      vd_begin += vsize[1];
+    }
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyObject *>(varray);
+}
+
+#else // fallback if we don't have numpy: copy every element of the given vector
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
+{
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(v.size());
+    for(size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(v.at(i)));
+    }
+    return list;
+}
+
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+// sometimes, for labels and such, we need string arrays
+inline PyObject * get_array(const std::vector<std::string>& strings)
+{
+  PyObject* list = PyList_New(strings.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(list, i, PyString_FromString(strings[i].c_str()));
+  }
+  return list;
+}
+
+// not all matplotlib need 2d arrays, some prefer lists of lists
+template<typename Numeric>
+PyObject* get_listlist(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& ll)
+{
+  PyObject* listlist = PyList_New(ll.size());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < ll.size(); ++i) {
+    PyList_SetItem(listlist, i, get_array(ll[i]));
+  }
+  return listlist;
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+/// Plot a line through the given x and y data points..
+///
+/// See: https://matplotlib.org/3.2.1/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+// TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
+// a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // We lazily load the modules here the first time this function is called
+  // because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib installed" implies
+  // "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't want to require
+  // it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "rstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cstride", PyInt_FromLong(1));
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+    } else {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+        PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot_surface = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot_surface");
+  if (!plot_surface) throw std::runtime_error("No surface");
+  Py_INCREF(plot_surface);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot_surface, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("failed surface");
+  Py_DECREF(plot_surface);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+             const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // using numpy arrays
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_2darray(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyObject *python_colormap_coolwarm = PyObject_GetAttrString(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_colormap, "coolwarm");
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", python_colormap_coolwarm);
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res)
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed contour");
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void spy(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+         const double markersize = -1,  // -1 for default matplotlib size
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_2darray(x);
+
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  if (markersize != -1) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "markersize", PyFloat_FromDouble(markersize));
+  }
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_spy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void plot3(const std::vector<Numeric> &x,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &y,
+                  const std::vector<Numeric> &z,
+                  const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords =
+                      std::map<std::string, std::string>(),
+                  const long fig_number=0)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "plot");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric >
+bool fill_between(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y1, const std::vector<Numeric>& y2, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y1.size());
+    assert(x.size() == y2.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* y1array = detail::get_array(y1);
+    PyObject* y2array = detail::get_array(y2);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, y1array);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, y2array);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fill_between, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool arrow(Numeric x, Numeric y, Numeric end_x, Numeric end_y, const std::string& fc = "r",
+           const std::string ec = "k", Numeric head_length = 0.25, Numeric head_width = 0.1625) {
+    PyObject* obj_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
+    PyObject* obj_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(y);
+    PyObject* obj_end_x = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_x);
+    PyObject* obj_end_y = PyFloat_FromDouble(end_y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fc", PyString_FromString(fc.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_width", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_width));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "head_length", PyFloat_FromDouble(head_length));
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, obj_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, obj_y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, obj_end_x);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, obj_end_y);
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_arrow, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool hist(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10,std::string color="b",
+          double alpha=1.0, bool cumulative=false)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cumulative", cumulative ? Py_True : Py_False);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+#ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+namespace detail {
+
+inline void imshow(void *ptr, const NPY_TYPES type, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords, PyObject** out)
+{
+    assert(type == NPY_UINT8 || type == NPY_FLOAT);
+    assert(colors == 1 || colors == 3 || colors == 4);
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct args
+    npy_intp dims[3] = { rows, columns, colors };
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyArray_SimpleNewFromData(colors == 1 ? 2 : 3, dims, type, ptr));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_imshow, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to imshow() failed");
+    if (out)
+        *out = res;
+    else
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+inline void imshow(const unsigned char *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_UINT8, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+inline void imshow(const float *ptr, const int rows, const int columns, const int colors, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {}, PyObject** out = nullptr)
+{
+    detail::imshow((void *) ptr, NPY_FLOAT, rows, columns, colors, keywords, out);
+}
+
+#ifdef WITH_OPENCV
+void imshow(const cv::Mat &image, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    // Convert underlying type of matrix, if needed
+    cv::Mat image2;
+    NPY_TYPES npy_type = NPY_UINT8;
+    switch (image.type() & CV_MAT_DEPTH_MASK) {
+    case CV_8U:
+        image2 = image;
+        break;
+    case CV_32F:
+        image2 = image;
+        npy_type = NPY_FLOAT;
+        break;
+    default:
+        image.convertTo(image2, CV_MAKETYPE(CV_8U, image.channels()));
+    }
+
+    // If color image, convert from BGR to RGB
+    switch (image2.channels()) {
+    case 3:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGR2RGB);
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        cv::cvtColor(image2, image2, CV_BGRA2RGBA);
+    }
+
+    detail::imshow(image2.data, npy_type, image2.rows, image2.cols, image2.channels(), keywords);
+}
+#endif // WITH_OPENCV
+#endif // WITHOUT_NUMPY
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericColors>
+    bool scatter_colored(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+                 const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+                 const std::vector<NumericColors>& colors,
+                 const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+                 const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+        PyObject* colors_array = detail::get_array(colors);
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "s", PyLong_FromLong(s));
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "c", colors_array);
+
+        for (const auto& it : keywords)
+        {
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_scatter, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+    
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool scatter(const std::vector<NumericX>& x,
+             const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const double s=1.0, // The marker size in points**2
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {},
+             const long fig_number=0) {
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time 
+  // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib 
+  // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't 
+  // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+
+  assert(x.size() == y.size());
+  assert(y.size() == z.size());
+
+  PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject *zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(3);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, zarray);
+
+  // Build up the kw args.
+  PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                         PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+  PyObject *fig_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyObject* fig = nullptr;
+  PyTuple_SetItem(fig_args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(fig_number));
+  PyObject *fig_exists =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, fig_args);
+  if (!PyObject_IsTrue(fig_exists)) {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  } else {
+    fig = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+      fig_args);
+  }
+  Py_DECREF(fig_exists);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "scatter");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(plot3, args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D line plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(fig);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+  return res;
+
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<std::vector<Numeric>>& data,
+             const std::vector<std::string>& labels = {},
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* listlist = detail::get_listlist(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, listlist);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    // kwargs needs the labels, if there are (the correct number of) labels
+    if (!labels.empty() && labels.size() == data.size()) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "labels", detail::get_array(labels));
+    }
+
+    // take care of the remaining keywords
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool boxplot(const std::vector<Numeric>& data,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* vector = detail::get_array(data);
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, vector);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (const auto& it : keywords)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it.first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it.second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_boxplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               x,
+         const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject * xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject * yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+  PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+  PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it =
+         keywords.begin();
+       it != keywords.end();
+       ++it) {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(
+      kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject * plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+  PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(
+    detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_bar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+bool bar(const std::vector<Numeric> &               y,
+         std::string                                ec       = "black",
+         std::string                                ls       = "-",
+         double                                     lw       = 1.0,
+         const std::map<std::string, std::string> & keywords = {})
+{
+  using T = typename std::remove_reference<decltype(y)>::type::value_type;
+
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  std::vector<T> x;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < y.size(); i++) { x.push_back(i); }
+
+  return bar(x, y, ec, ls, lw, keywords);
+}
+
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool barh(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string ec = "black", std::string ls = "-", double lw = 1.0, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = { }) {
+    PyObject *xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject *yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ec", PyString_FromString(ec.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "ls", PyString_FromString(ls.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "lw", PyFloat_FromDouble(lw));
+
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_barh, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+inline bool subplots_adjust(const std::map<std::string, double>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, double>::const_iterator it =
+            keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+                             PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(0);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplots_adjust, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template< typename Numeric>
+bool named_hist(std::string label,const std::vector<Numeric>& y, long bins=10, std::string color="b", double alpha=1.0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(label.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "bins", PyLong_FromLong(bins));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyString_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "alpha", PyFloat_FromDouble(alpha));
+
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_hist, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool plot(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ>
+bool contour(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y,
+             const std::vector<NumericZ>& z,
+             const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == z.size());
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin();
+         it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_contour, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericU, typename NumericW>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+    PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, uarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, warray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_quiver, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY, typename NumericZ, typename NumericU, typename NumericW, typename NumericV>
+bool quiver(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::vector<NumericZ>& z, const std::vector<NumericU>& u, const std::vector<NumericW>& w, const std::vector<NumericV>& v, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+  //set up 3d axes stuff
+  static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+  if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+    PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+    if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+    mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+    Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+    axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+    Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+    if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+  }
+  
+  //assert sizes match up
+  assert(x.size() == y.size() && x.size() == u.size() && u.size() == w.size() && x.size() == z.size() && x.size() == v.size() && u.size() == v.size());
+
+  //set up parameters
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+  PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+  PyObject* zarray = detail::get_array(z);
+  PyObject* uarray = detail::get_array(u);
+  PyObject* warray = detail::get_array(w);
+  PyObject* varray = detail::get_array(v);
+
+  PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(6);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, zarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 3, uarray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 4, warray);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 5, varray);
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+      PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+    
+  //get figure gca to enable 3d projection
+  PyObject *fig =
+      PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+                          detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+  if (!fig) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+  PyObject *gca_kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  PyDict_SetItemString(gca_kwargs, "projection", PyString_FromString("3d"));
+
+  PyObject *gca = PyObject_GetAttrString(fig, "gca");
+  if (!gca) throw std::runtime_error("No gca");
+  Py_INCREF(gca);
+  PyObject *axis = PyObject_Call(
+      gca, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, gca_kwargs);
+
+  if (!axis) throw std::runtime_error("No axis");
+  Py_INCREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(gca);
+  Py_DECREF(gca_kwargs);
+  
+  //plot our boys bravely, plot them strongly, plot them with a wink and clap
+  PyObject *plot3 = PyObject_GetAttrString(axis, "quiver");
+  if (!plot3) throw std::runtime_error("No 3D line plot");
+  Py_INCREF(plot3);
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+          plot3, plot_args, kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Failed 3D plot");
+  Py_DECREF(plot3);
+  Py_DECREF(axis);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+  if (res)
+      Py_DECREF(res);
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool stem(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_stem, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogx(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool semilogy(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool loglog(const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(s.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args);
+
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool errorbar(const std::vector<NumericX> &x, const std::vector<NumericY> &y, const std::vector<NumericX> &yerr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+    PyObject* yerrarray = detail::get_array(yerr);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "yerr", yerrarray);
+
+    PyObject *plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_errorbar, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+    if (res)
+        Py_DECREF(res);
+    else
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to errorbar() failed.");
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogx(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogx, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_semilogy(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_semilogy, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename NumericX, typename NumericY>
+bool named_loglog(const std::string& name, const std::vector<NumericX>& x, const std::vector<NumericY>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_loglog, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for(size_t i=0; i<x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return plot(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool stem(const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "")
+{
+    std::vector<Numeric> x(y.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i) x.at(i) = i;
+    return stem(x, y, format);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void text(Numeric x, Numeric y, const std::string& s = "")
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyString_FromString(s.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_text, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to text() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void colorbar(PyObject* mappable = NULL, const std::map<std::string, float>& keywords = {})
+{
+    if (mappable == NULL)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Must call colorbar with PyObject* returned from an image, contour, surface, etc.");
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, mappable);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, float>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyFloat_FromDouble(it->second));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_colorbar, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to colorbar() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline long figure(long number = -1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res;
+    if (number == -1)
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    else {
+        assert(number > 0);
+
+        // Make sure interpreter is initialised
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure, args);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+    }
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure() failed.");
+
+    PyObject* num = PyObject_GetAttrString(res, "number");
+    if (!num) throw std::runtime_error("Could not get number attribute of figure object");
+    const long figureNumber = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+
+    Py_DECREF(num);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return figureNumber;
+}
+
+inline bool fignum_exists(long number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(number));
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_fignum_exists, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to fignum_exists() failed.");
+
+    bool ret = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+inline void figure_size(size_t w, size_t h)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    const size_t dpi = 100;
+    PyObject* size = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)w / dpi));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(size, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble((double)h / dpi));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "figsize", size);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromSize_t(dpi));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_figure,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to figure_size() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void legend(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_legend, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+  if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to legend() failed.");
+
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void set_aspect(Numeric ratio)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(ratio));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+inline void set_aspect_equal()
+{
+    // expect ratio == "equal". Leaving error handling to matplotlib.
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString("equal"));
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *set_aspect = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_aspect");
+    if (!set_aspect) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_aspect not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(set_aspect);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(set_aspect, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_aspect() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(set_aspect);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void ylim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+void xlim(Numeric left, Numeric right)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* list = PyList_New(2);
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(left));
+    PyList_SetItem(list, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(right));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, list);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> xlim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+
+inline std::array<double, 2> ylim()
+{
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylim, args);
+
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylim() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    PyObject* left = PyTuple_GetItem(res,0);
+    PyObject* right = PyTuple_GetItem(res,1);
+    return { PyFloat_AsDouble(left), PyFloat_AsDouble(right) };
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void xticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    xticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::vector<std::string> &labels = {}, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    assert(labels.size() == 0 || ticks.size() == labels.size());
+
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // using numpy array
+    PyObject* ticksarray = detail::get_array(ticks);
+
+    PyObject* args;
+    if(labels.size() == 0) {
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(1);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+    } else {
+        // make tuple of tick labels
+        PyObject* labelstuple = PyTuple_New(labels.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i++)
+            PyTuple_SetItem(labelstuple, i, PyUnicode_FromString(labels[i].c_str()));
+
+        // construct positional args
+        args = PyTuple_New(2);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, ticksarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, labelstuple);
+    }
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_yticks, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to yticks() failed");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void yticks(const std::vector<Numeric> &ticks, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords)
+{
+    yticks(ticks, {}, keywords);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric> inline void margins(Numeric margin_x, Numeric margin_y)
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(margin_y));
+
+    PyObject* res =
+            PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_margins, args);
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to margins() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+
+inline void tick_params(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords, const std::string axis = "both")
+{
+  detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+  // construct positional args
+  PyObject* args;
+  args = PyTuple_New(1);
+  PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyString_FromString(axis.c_str()));
+
+  // construct keyword args
+  PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+  for (std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+  {
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+  }
+
+
+  PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tick_params, args, kwargs);
+
+  Py_DECREF(args);
+  Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+  if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tick_params() failed");
+
+  Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot(long nrows, long ncols, long plot_number)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ncols));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(plot_number));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, long rowspan=1, long colspan=1)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* shape = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 0, PyLong_FromLong(nrows));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(shape, 1, PyLong_FromLong(ncols));
+
+    PyObject* loc = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 0, PyLong_FromLong(rowid));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(loc, 1, PyLong_FromLong(colid));
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, shape);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, loc);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyLong_FromLong(rowspan));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyLong_FromLong(colspan));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_subplot2grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to subplot2grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(shape);
+    Py_DECREF(loc);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
+inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pytitlestr = PyString_FromString(titlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pytitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_title, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void suptitle(const std::string &suptitlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pysuptitlestr = PyString_FromString(suptitlestr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pysuptitlestr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_suptitle, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to suptitle() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axis(const std::string &axisstr)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* str = PyString_FromString(axisstr.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axis, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to title() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axhline(double y, double xmin = 0., double xmax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axhline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvline(double x, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvline, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void axvspan(double xmin, double xmax, double ymin = 0., double ymax = 1., const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = std::map<std::string, std::string>())
+{
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(xmax));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymin));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(ymax));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+      if (it->first == "linewidth" || it->first == "alpha") {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyFloat_FromDouble(std::stod(it->second)));
+      } else {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(),
+          PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_axvspan, args, kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to xlabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ylabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ylabel, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ylabel() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void set_zlabel(const std::string &str, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    // Same as with plot_surface: We lazily load the modules here the first time
+    // this function is called because I'm not sure that we can assume "matplotlib
+    // installed" implies "mpl_toolkits installed" on all platforms, and we don't
+    // want to require it for people who don't need 3d plots.
+    static PyObject *mpl_toolkitsmod = nullptr, *axis3dmod = nullptr;
+    if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+        PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+        PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+        if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+        mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+        Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+        axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+        Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+        if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+    }
+
+    PyObject* pystr = PyString_FromString(str.c_str());
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pystr);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject *ax =
+    PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_gca,
+      detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    if (!ax) throw std::runtime_error("Call to gca() failed.");
+    Py_INCREF(ax);
+
+    PyObject *zlabel = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    if (!zlabel) throw std::runtime_error("Attribute set_zlabel not found.");
+    Py_INCREF(zlabel);
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_Call(zlabel, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to set_zlabel() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(zlabel);
+
+    Py_DECREF(ax);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void grid(bool flag)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyflag = flag ? Py_True : Py_False;
+    Py_INCREF(pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyflag);
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_grid, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to grid() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void show(const bool block = true)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    if(block)
+    {
+        res = PyObject_CallObject(
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show,
+                detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "block", Py_False);
+        res = PyObject_Call( detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_show, detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+       Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    }
+
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void close()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_close,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to close() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void xkcd() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res;
+    PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_xkcd,
+            detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to show() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void draw()
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_draw,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to draw() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+inline void pause(Numeric interval)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(interval));
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_pause, args);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to pause() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void save(const std::string& filename, const int dpi=0)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* pyfilename = PyString_FromString(filename.c_str());
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, pyfilename);
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+
+    if(dpi > 0)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "dpi", PyLong_FromLong(dpi));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_save, args, kwargs);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to save() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void rcparams(const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {}) {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for (auto it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it) {
+        if ("text.usetex" == it->first)
+          PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyLong_FromLong(std::stoi(it->second.c_str())));
+        else PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyString_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+    
+    PyObject * update = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_rcparams, "update");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(update, args, kwargs);
+    if(!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to rcParams.update() failed.");
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(update);
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void clf() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_clf,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to clf() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void cla() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_cla,
+                                        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Call to cla() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline void ion() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ion,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ion() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+inline std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> ginput(const int numClicks = 1, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords = {})
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(numClicks));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    for(std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = keywords.begin(); it != keywords.end(); ++it)
+    {
+        PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, it->first.c_str(), PyUnicode_FromString(it->second.c_str()));
+    }
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_ginput, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to ginput() failed.");
+
+    const size_t len = PyList_Size(res);
+    std::vector<std::array<double, 2>> out;
+    out.reserve(len);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        PyObject *current = PyList_GetItem(res, i);
+        std::array<double, 2> position;
+        position[0] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 0));
+        position[1] = PyFloat_AsDouble(PyTuple_GetItem(current, 1));
+        out.push_back(position);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+// Actually, is there any reason not to call this automatically for every plot?
+inline void tight_layout() {
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject *res = PyObject_CallObject(
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_tight_layout,
+        detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_empty_tuple);
+
+    if (!res) throw std::runtime_error("Call to tight_layout() failed.");
+
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+}
+
+// Support for variadic plot() and initializer lists:
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template<typename T>
+using is_function = typename std::is_function<std::remove_pointer<std::remove_reference<T>>>::type;
+
+template<bool obj, typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl;
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<false, T>
+{
+    typedef is_function<T> type;
+}; // a non-object is callable iff it is a function
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable_impl<true, T>
+{
+    struct Fallback { void operator()(); };
+    struct Derived : T, Fallback { };
+
+    template<typename U, U> struct Check;
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::true_type test( ... ); // use a variadic function to make sure (1) it accepts everything and (2) its always the worst match
+
+    template<typename U>
+    static std::false_type test( Check<void(Fallback::*)(), &U::operator()>* );
+
+public:
+    typedef decltype(test<Derived>(nullptr)) type;
+    typedef decltype(&Fallback::operator()) dtype;
+    static constexpr bool value = type::value;
+}; // an object is callable iff it defines operator()
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_callable
+{
+    // dispatch to is_callable_impl<true, T> or is_callable_impl<false, T> depending on whether T is of class type or not
+    typedef typename is_callable_impl<std::is_class<T>::value, T>::type type;
+};
+
+template<typename IsYDataCallable>
+struct plot_impl { };
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::false_type>
+{
+    template<typename IterableX, typename IterableY>
+    bool operator()(const IterableX& x, const IterableY& y, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        // 2-phase lookup for distance, begin, end
+        using std::distance;
+        using std::begin;
+        using std::end;
+
+        auto xs = distance(begin(x), end(x));
+        auto ys = distance(begin(y), end(y));
+        assert(xs == ys && "x and y data must have the same number of elements!");
+
+        PyObject* xlist = PyList_New(xs);
+        PyObject* ylist = PyList_New(ys);
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        auto itx = begin(x), ity = begin(y);
+        for(size_t i = 0; i < xs; ++i) {
+            PyList_SetItem(xlist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*itx++));
+            PyList_SetItem(ylist, i, PyFloat_FromDouble(*ity++));
+        }
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xlist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, ylist);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args);
+
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+        if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct plot_impl<std::true_type>
+{
+    template<typename Iterable, typename Callable>
+    bool operator()(const Iterable& ticks, const Callable& f, const std::string& format)
+    {
+        if(begin(ticks) == end(ticks)) return true;
+
+        // We could use additional meta-programming to deduce the correct element type of y,
+        // but all values have to be convertible to double anyways
+        std::vector<double> y;
+        for(auto x : ticks) y.push_back(f(x));
+        return plot_impl<std::false_type>()(ticks,y,format);
+    }
+};
+
+} // end namespace detail
+
+// recursion stop for the above
+template<typename... Args>
+bool plot() { return true; }
+
+template<typename A, typename B, typename... Args>
+bool plot(const A& a, const B& b, const std::string& format, Args... args)
+{
+    return detail::plot_impl<typename detail::is_callable<B>::type>()(a,b,format) && plot(args...);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This group of plot() functions is needed to support initializer lists, i.e. calling
+ *    plot( {1,2,3,4} )
+ */
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double,double>(x,y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+    return plot<double>(y,format);
+}
+
+inline bool plot(const std::vector<double>& x, const std::vector<double>& y, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keywords) {
+    return plot<double>(x,y,keywords);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This class allows dynamic plots, ie changing the plotted data without clearing and re-plotting
+ */
+class Plot
+{
+public:
+    // default initialization with plot label, some data and format
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    Plot(const std::string& name, const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y, const std::string& format = "") {
+        detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+        PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+        if(name != "")
+            PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "label", PyString_FromString(name.c_str()));
+
+        PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+        PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+        PyObject* pystring = PyString_FromString(format.c_str());
+
+        PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(3);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+        PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 2, pystring);
+
+        PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(detail::_interpreter::get().s_python_function_plot, plot_args, kwargs);
+
+        Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+        Py_DECREF(plot_args);
+
+        if(res)
+        {
+            line= PyList_GetItem(res, 0);
+
+            if(line)
+                set_data_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"set_data");
+            else
+                Py_DECREF(line);
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // shorter initialization with name or format only
+    // basically calls line, = plot([], [])
+    Plot(const std::string& name = "", const std::string& format = "")
+        : Plot(name, std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>(), format) {}
+
+    template<typename Numeric>
+    bool update(const std::vector<Numeric>& x, const std::vector<Numeric>& y) {
+        assert(x.size() == y.size());
+        if(set_data_fct)
+        {
+            PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+            PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+            PyObject* plot_args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 0, xarray);
+            PyTuple_SetItem(plot_args, 1, yarray);
+
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(set_data_fct, plot_args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+            return res;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // clears the plot but keep it available
+    bool clear() {
+        return update(std::vector<double>(), std::vector<double>());
+    }
+
+    // definitely remove this line
+    void remove() {
+        if(line)
+        {
+            auto remove_fct = PyObject_GetAttrString(line,"remove");
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            PyObject* res = PyObject_CallObject(remove_fct, args);
+            if (res) Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+        decref();
+    }
+
+    ~Plot() {
+        decref();
+    }
+private:
+
+    void decref() {
+        if(line)
+            Py_DECREF(line);
+        if(set_data_fct)
+            Py_DECREF(set_data_fct);
+    }
+
+
+    PyObject* line = nullptr;
+    PyObject* set_data_fct = nullptr;
+};
+
+} // end namespace matplotlibcpp
diff --git a/Vandermonde/vmd.cpp b/Vandermonde/vmd.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fe60ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vandermonde/vmd.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
+#include <math.h>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
+
+// Prints out 2D vector
+void PRINTX(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+    for(auto & row : x){
+        for(auto & col : row){
+            std::cout << col << "\t";
+        }
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+}
+
+// Matrix multiplication function
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> MMULT(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x, std::vector<std::vector<double>> y){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> z;
+    std::vector<double> t;
+    double total = 0;
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        t.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < y[0].size(); ++j){
+            total = 0;
+            for(int k = 0; k < x[0].size(); ++k){
+                total += x[i][k]*y[k][j];
+            }
+            t.push_back(total);
+        }
+        z.push_back(t);
+    }
+    return z;
+}
+
+// Inverse matrix function with Gaussian Elimination
+std::vector<std::vector<double>> INVERSE(std::vector<std::vector<double>> x){
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> I;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+    int n = x.size();
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            if(i == j){
+                temp.push_back(1.0);
+            } else {
+                temp.push_back(0.0);
+            }
+        }
+        I.push_back(temp);
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            double A = x[i][j];
+            double B = x[j][j];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[i][k] -= (A/B)*x[j][k];
+                I[i][k] -= (A/B)*I[j][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < i; ++j){
+            double A = x[j][i];
+            double B = x[i][i];
+            for(int k = 0; k < n; ++k){
+                x[j][k] -= (A/B)*x[i][k];
+                I[j][k] -= (A/B)*I[i][k];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
+        for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
+            I[i][j] /= x[i][i];
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return I;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    // Generate 2D plot
+    PyObject * ax = plt::chart2D(111);
+
+    // Define random points to interpolate
+    std::vector<double> x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
+    std::vector<double> y = {5, 6, 3, 1, 2, 9, 1, 2, 5, 7};
+
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> X, Y;
+    std::vector<double> temp;
+
+    // Generate Vandermonde matrix with n order, n = x.size() 
+    for(int i = 0; i < x.size(); ++i){
+        temp.clear();
+        for(int j = 0; j < x.size(); ++j){
+            temp.push_back(pow(x[i], j));
+        }
+        // Build input matrix and output vector (which has the actual interpolated points)
+        X.push_back(temp);
+        Y.push_back({y[i]});
+    }
+
+    // Compute the coeffecients using Linear Algebra
+    std::vector<std::vector<double>> coef = MMULT(INVERSE(X), Y);
+
+    // Build the plotting lines
+    std::vector<double> Fx, Fy;
+    int steps = 50;
+    double x0 = 1;
+    double x1 = 10;
+    double dx = (x1 - x0)/((double) steps - 1);
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < steps; ++i){
+        double summation = 0;
+        double uxp = x0 + i*dx;
+        for(int j = 0; j < coef.size(); ++j){
+            // Take the summation of each coeffecient and its power
+            summation += coef[j][0]*pow(uxp, j);
+        }
+        Fx.push_back(uxp);
+        Fy.push_back(summation);
+    }
+
+    // Plot the Vandermonde interpolation equation and the randomly selected points
+    plt::scatter2D(ax, x, y, "red");
+    plt::plot2D(ax, Fx, Fy, "blue");
+
+    plt::show();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/Vandermonde/vmd.png b/Vandermonde/vmd.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3d6ba5
Binary files /dev/null and b/Vandermonde/vmd.png differ
diff --git a/Vandermonde/vmd.sh b/Vandermonde/vmd.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7d7bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Vandermonde/vmd.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Compiling"
+g++ vmd.cpp -std=c++17 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/include/python3.11 -L/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib -lpython3.11 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11/lib/python3.11/site-packages/numpy/core/include
+echo "Compiled"
+exit 0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/matplotlibcpp.h b/matplotlibcpp.h
index d95d46a..48ff46c 100644
--- a/matplotlibcpp.h
+++ b/matplotlibcpp.h
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ namespace detail {
 static std::string s_backend;
 
 struct _interpreter {
+    PyObject* pymod;
     PyObject* s_python_function_arrow;
     PyObject *s_python_function_show;
     PyObject *s_python_function_close;
@@ -212,10 +213,37 @@ struct _interpreter {
 
 
 
-        PyObject* pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
+        pymod = PyImport_Import(pyplotname);
         Py_DECREF(pyplotname);
         if (!pymod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.pyplot!"); }
 
+        PyObject * mpl_toolkitsmod; 
+        PyObject * axis3dmod;
+        if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) {
+            PyObject* mpl_toolkits = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits");
+            PyObject* axis3d = PyString_FromString("mpl_toolkits.mplot3d");
+            if (!mpl_toolkits || !axis3d) { throw std::runtime_error("couldnt create string"); }
+
+            mpl_toolkitsmod = PyImport_Import(mpl_toolkits);
+            Py_DECREF(mpl_toolkits);
+            if (!mpl_toolkitsmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits!"); }
+
+            axis3dmod = PyImport_Import(axis3d);
+            Py_DECREF(axis3d);
+            if (!axis3dmod) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module mpl_toolkits.mplot3d!"); }
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
         s_python_colormap = PyImport_Import(cmname);
         Py_DECREF(cmname);
         if (!s_python_colormap) { throw std::runtime_error("Error loading module matplotlib.cm!"); }
@@ -305,6 +333,33 @@ inline void backend(const std::string& name)
     detail::s_backend = name;
 }
 
+inline bool annotateGraph(PyObject * ax, std::string annotation, double x, double y)
+{
+    detail::_interpreter::get();
+
+    PyObject * xy = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyObject * str = PyString_FromString(annotation.c_str());
+
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,0,PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(xy,1,PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "xy", xy);
+
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, str);
+
+    PyObject * writer = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "annotate");
+    PyObject * res = PyObject_Call(writer, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
 {
     detail::_interpreter::get();
@@ -331,6 +386,47 @@ inline bool annotate(std::string annotation, double x, double y)
     return res;
 }
 
+PyObject * chart(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "projection", PyUnicode_FromString("3d"));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+PyObject * chart2D(int place)
+{
+    PyObject * drawObject = PyObject_GetAttrString(detail::_interpreter::get().pymod, "subplot");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyLong_FromLong(place));
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_Call(drawObject, args, kwargs);
+    return thePlot;
+}
+
+inline void Clear3DChart(PyObject * ax)
+{
+    PyObject * eraser = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "cla");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject_CallObject(eraser, args);
+}
+
+inline void Chart3DAxesNames(PyObject * ax, std::string x, std::string y, std::string z){
+    PyObject * xaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_xlabel");
+    PyObject * yaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_ylabel");
+    PyObject * zaxis = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_zlabel");
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(x.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(xaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(y.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(yaxis, args);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(z.c_str()));
+    PyObject_CallObject(zaxis, args);
+}
+
 namespace detail {
 
 #ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
@@ -350,10 +446,12 @@ template <> struct select_npy_type<uint64_t> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY
 
 // Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
 // a platform where they don't apply
+/*
 static_assert(sizeof(long long) == 8);
 template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
 static_assert(sizeof(unsigned long long) == 8);
 template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
+*/
 
 template<typename Numeric>
 PyObject* get_array(const std::vector<Numeric>& v)
@@ -470,9 +568,196 @@ bool plot(const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, const st
     return res;
 }
 
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool plot2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool scatter2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+
+bool scatter2DX(PyObject * ax, double x, double y, std::string color)
+{
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(2);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyFloat_FromDouble(x));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, PyFloat_FromDouble(y));
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "scatter");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+template<typename Numeric>
+bool bar2D(PyObject * ax, const std::vector<Numeric> &x, const std::vector<Numeric> &y, std::string color)
+{
+    assert(x.size() == y.size());
+
+    // using numpy arrays
+    PyObject* xarray = detail::get_array(x);
+    PyObject* yarray = detail::get_array(y);
+
+    // construct positional args
+    PyObject* args = PyTuple_New(4);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, xarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, yarray);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, PyFloat_FromDouble(0.7));
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 3, PyFloat_FromDouble(1.0));
+    
+
+    // construct keyword args
+    PyObject* kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+
+    PyObject * theplot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "bar");
+
+    PyObject* res = PyObject_Call(theplot, args, kwargs);
+
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+    if(res) Py_DECREF(res);
+
+    return res;
+}
+
 // TODO - it should be possible to make this work by implementing
 // a non-numpy alternative for `detail::get_2darray()`.
 #ifndef WITHOUT_NUMPY
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "color", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void surface3DMap(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color,
+                  double linewidth)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "linewidth", PyLong_FromLong(linewidth));
+
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "plot_surface");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+template <typename Numeric>
+void contour3D(PyObject * ax,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
+                  const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &z,
+                  std::string color)
+{
+    PyObject * X = detail::get_2darray(x);
+    PyObject * Y = detail::get_2darray(y);
+    PyObject * Z = detail::get_2darray(z);
+
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(3);
+    PyObject * kwargs = PyDict_New();
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, X);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 1, Y);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 2, Z);
+    PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "cmap", PyUnicode_FromString(color.c_str()));
+    
+
+    PyObject * thePlot = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "contourf");
+    PyObject_Call(thePlot, args, kwargs);
+}
+
 template <typename Numeric>
 void plot_surface(const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &x,
                   const std::vector<::std::vector<Numeric>> &y,
@@ -2293,6 +2578,13 @@ inline void subplot2grid(long nrows, long ncols, long rowid=0, long colid=0, lon
     Py_DECREF(res);
 }
 
+inline void PlotTitle(PyObject * ax, std::string message){
+    PyObject * args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, PyUnicode_FromString(message.c_str()));
+    PyObject * title = PyObject_GetAttrString(ax, "set_title");
+    PyObject_CallObject(title, args);
+}
+
 inline void title(const std::string &titlestr, const std::map<std::string, std::string> &keywords = {})
 {
     detail::_interpreter::get();