Fix corruption of templates after CREATE DATABASE .. STRATEGY WAL_LOG

WAL_LOG does a scan of the template's pg_class to determine the set of
relations that need to be copied from a template database to the new
one.  However, as coded in 9c08aea, this copy strategy would load the
pages of pg_class without considering it as a permanent relation,
causing the loaded pages to never be flushed when they should.  Any
modification of the template's pg_class, mostly through DDLs, would then
be missed, causing corruptions.

STRATEGY = WAL_LOG is the default over FILE_COPY since it has been
introduced, so any changes done to pg_class on a database template would
be gone.  Updates of database templates should be a rare thing, so the
impact of this bug should be hopefully limited.  The pre-14 default
strategy FILE_COPY is safe, and can be used as a workaround.

Ryo Matsumura has found and analyzed the issue, and Nathan has written a
test able to reproduce the failure (with few tweaks from me).

Backpatch down to 15, where STRATEGY = WAL_LOG has been introduced.

Author: Nathan Bossart, Ryo Matsumura
Reviewed-by: Dilip Kumar, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/TYCPR01MB6868677E499C9AD5123084B5E8A39@TYCPR01MB6868.jpnprd01.prod.outlook.com
Backpatch-through: 15

Author: michaelpq

src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ ScanSourceDatabasePgClass(Oid tbid, Oid dbid, char *srcpath)
 		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
 		buf = ReadBufferWithoutRelcache(rlocator, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno,
-										RBM_NORMAL, bstrategy, false);
+										RBM_NORMAL, bstrategy, true);
 
 		LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
 		page = BufferGetPage(buf);

src/test/recovery/meson.build

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ tests += {
       't/031_recovery_conflict.pl',
       't/032_relfilenode_reuse.pl',
       't/033_replay_tsp_drops.pl',
+      't/034_create_database.pl',
     ],
   },
 }

src/test/recovery/t/034_create_database.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+
+# Copyright (c) 2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+# Test WAL replay for CREATE DATABASE .. STRATEGY WAL_LOG.
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('node');
+$node->init;
+$node->start;
+
+# This checks that any DDLs run on the template database that modify pg_class
+# are persisted after creating a database from it using the WAL_LOG strategy,
+# as a direct copy of the template database's pg_class is used in this case.
+my $db_template = "template1";
+my $db_new      = "test_db_1";
+
+# Create table.  It should persist on the template database.
+$node->safe_psql("postgres",
+	"CREATE DATABASE $db_new STRATEGY WAL_LOG TEMPLATE $db_template;");
+
+$node->safe_psql($db_template, "CREATE TABLE tab_db_after_create_1 (a INT);");
+
+# Flush the changes affecting the template database, then replay them.
+$node->safe_psql("postgres", "CHECKPOINT;");
+
+$node->stop('immediate');
+$node->start;
+my $result = $node->safe_psql($db_template,
+	"SELECT count(*) FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 'tab_db_%';");
+is($result, "1",
+	"check that table exists on template after crash, with checkpoint");
+
+# The new database should have no tables.
+$result = $node->safe_psql($db_new,
+	"SELECT count(*) FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 'tab_db_%';");
+is($result, "0",
+	"check that there are no tables from template on new database after crash"
+);
+
+done_testing();