Provide API for streaming relation data.

Introduce an abstraction allowing relation data to be accessed as a
stream of buffers, with an implementation that is more efficient than
the equivalent sequence of ReadBuffer() calls.

Client code supplies a callback that can say which block number it wants
next, and then consumes individual buffers one at a time from the
stream.  This division puts read_stream.c in control of how far ahead it
can see and allows it to read clusters of neighboring blocks with
StartReadBuffers().  It also issues POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED advice ahead of
time when random access is detected.

Other variants of I/O stream will be proposed in future work (for
example to support recovery, whose LsnReadQueue device in
xlogprefetcher.c is a distant cousin of this code and should eventually
be replaced by this), but this basic API is sufficient for many common
executor usage patterns involving predictable access to a single fork of
a single relation.

Several patches using this API are proposed separately.

This stream concept is loosely based on ideas from Andres Freund on how
we should pave the way for later work on asynchronous I/O.

Author: Thomas Munro <thomas.munro@gmail.com>
Author: Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> (contributions)
Author: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com> (contributions)
Suggested-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Reviewed-by: Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi>
Reviewed-by: Melanie Plageman <melanieplageman@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Nazir Bilal Yavuz <byavuz81@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Tested-by: Tomas Vondra <tomas.vondra@enterprisedb.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA+hUKGJkOiOCa+mag4BF+zHo7qo=o9CFheB8=g6uT5TUm2gkvA@mail.gmail.com

Author: macdice

src/backend/storage/Makefile

@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ subdir = src/backend/storage
 top_builddir = ../../..
 include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
 
-SUBDIRS     = buffer file freespace ipc large_object lmgr page smgr sync
+SUBDIRS     = aio buffer file freespace ipc large_object lmgr page smgr sync
 
 include $(top_srcdir)/src/backend/common.mk

src/backend/storage/aio/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#
+# Makefile for storage/aio
+#
+# src/backend/storage/aio/Makefile
+#
+
+subdir = src/backend/storage/aio
+top_builddir = ../../../..
+include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
+
+OBJS = \
+	read_stream.o
+
+include $(top_srcdir)/src/backend/common.mk

src/backend/storage/aio/meson.build

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+
+backend_sources += files(
+  'read_stream.c',
+)