You have to read the file. The following example is based on this demo from HTML5Rocks (it catches all errors, you might want to filter the different error types):
var errorHandler = function() {
// File is not readable or does not exist!
};
fs.root.getFile('log.txt', {}, function(fileEntry) {
fileEntry.file(function(file) {
var reader = new FileReader();
reader.onloadend = function() {
// The file exists and is readable
};
reader.readAsText(file);
}, errorHandler);
}, errorHandler);
The synchronous method is only available to Web Workers, due to their blocking nature. The error handling is slightly different.