The DIVs fb-root and fb-like need to be already in the DOM before the FB like button script executes. The script looks for a DIV with id=fb-root and attempts to insert the FB like button inside it. In your case, you are adding the DIV after the script is downloaded and executd. As a result, no button will appear.
It should work if you change your code to something like:
// append fb-root and fb-like DIVs (with display: none) before getting the FB script
// or even better, add them as part of your page itself with display: none
$('body').append('<div id="fb-root" style="display: none"></div><div class="fb-like" data-href="http://www.google.se" data-send="false" data-layout="button_count" data-width="450" data-show-faces="false" data-font="verdana" style="display: none"></div>');
$.getScript('http://connect.facebook.net/sv_SE/all.js#xfbml=1', function(){
$('#fb-root').show(); // show the DIVs
$('#fb-like').show();
});
http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1&appId=<<your app id>>