diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man1')
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/README | 22 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/chgrp.1 | 121 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/chmod.1 | 160 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/chown.1 | 103 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/cp.1 | 392 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/dd.1 | 220 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/df.1 | 195 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/diff.1 | 478 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/dir.1 | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/dircolors.1 | 122 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/du.1 | 184 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/install.1 | 186 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/intro.1 | 258 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/ldd.1 | 71 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/ln.1 | 228 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/ls.1 | 573 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/mkdir.1 | 69 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/mkfifo.1 | 60 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/mknod.1 | 112 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/mv.1 | 168 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/rm.1 | 116 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/rmdir.1 | 76 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/time.1 | 270 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/touch.1 | 170 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man1/vdir.1 | 1 |
25 files changed, 4356 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/man1/README b/man1/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31db496fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/README @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +In his wisdom RMS decided that people need no man pages +when they can use GNU's beautiful info system. +Unfortunately, everybody I know greatly prefers man pages. + +Since GNU actively non-maintains man pages, and inserts +text to the effect that you should not be reading them +in each man page that they already have, it seems that +outside maintenance of man pages for the GNU utilities +is required. + +The fileutils-3.16 man pages found here have been derived +from those in fileutils-3.16-man-0.4.tar.gz +(as produced by Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, and +found on ftp://mail1.bet1.puv.fi/incoming/) +by adding information on what POSIX says about these +utilities. This is very useful if you have to write +scripts that should be portable. + +There is also a time.1 man page here, inspired by +kromJx@crosswinds.net. + +Andries diff --git a/man1/chgrp.1 b/man1/chgrp.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..131eedb61f --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/chgrp.1 @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, 2000 +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH CHGRP 1 2000-08 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +chgrp \- change group ownership of files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "chgrp [" options "] " "group file..." +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-R] [\-\-]" +.sp +POSIX 1003.1-2001 options: +.B [\-hHLPR] +.sp +GNU group denotation: +.BI [\-\-reference= rfile ] +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-cfvR] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B chgrp +changes the group ownership of each given +.I file +to +.IR group , +which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B \-R +Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. +(And continue even when errors are encountered.) +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "AUSTIN DRAFT OPTIONS" +.TP +.B \-h +For each file operand given that is a symlink, change the group ownership +of the symlink itself, rather than the object it points to. If the system +does not support a group ownership for symlinks, do nothing for a symlink. +.TP +.BR \-H " (half-logical)" +(When given together with +.BR \-R .) +For each file operand given that is a symlink to a directory, +change the group ownership of the directory and all files in the +file hierarchy below it. +.TP +.BR \-L " (logical)" +(When given together with +.BR \-R .) +For each file, either command line operand or encountered during +the tree walk, that is a symlink to a directory, +change the group ownership of the directory and all files in the +file hierarchy below it. +.TP +.BR \-P " (physical)" +(When given together with +.BR \-R .) +For each file, either command line operand or encountered during +the tree walk, that is a symlink, change the group ownership +of the symlink itself, rather than the object it points to. +If the system does not support a group ownership for symlinks, +do nothing for a symlink. This is the default. +.TP +.BR \-R +Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. +.SH "ADDITIONAL GNU DESCRIPTION" +A GNU extension (new in fileutils 4.0) allows one to use +.BI "\-\-reference=" "rfile" +as a group description: the same group as that of +.IR rfile . +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-changes" +Verbosely describe the action for each +.I file +whose group actually changes. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-silent, \-\-quiet" +Do not print error messages about files whose group cannot be changed. +.TP +.B "\-h, \-\-no\-dereference" +Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. +Only available if the +.B lchown +system call is provided. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every +.IR file . +.TP +.B "\-R, \-\-recursive" +Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. For an XSI-conforming system: NLSPATH has the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 only requires the \-R option. Use of other options +may not be portable. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B chgrp +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/chmod.1 b/man1/chmod.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f047aad70 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/chmod.1 @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.\" Modified 2004-06-17, Michael Kerrisk +.\" +.TH CHMOD 1 2004-06-17 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +chmod \- change access permissions of files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "chmod [" options "] " "mode file..." +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-R] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU mode denotation: +.BI [\-\-reference= rfile ] +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-cfvR] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B chmod +changes the permissions of each given +.I file +according to +.IR mode , +which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or +an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new permissions. +.PP +The format of a symbolic mode change argument is +.br +\&`[ugoa...][[+\-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...]'. +.PP +Such an argument is a list of symbolic mode change commands, +separated by commas. +Each symbolic mode change command starts with zero or more +of the letters `ugoa'; these control which users' access to +the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the +file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all +users (a). Thus, `a' is here equivalent to `ugo'. +If none of these are given, the effect is as if `a' were +given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected. +.PP +The operator `+' causes the permissions selected to be added to the +existing permissions of each file; `\-' causes them to be removed; +and `=' causes them to be the only permissions that the file has. +.PP +The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new permissions for the affected +users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x), +execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute +permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), +sticky bit (t), the permissions that the user +who owns the file currently has for it (u), the permissions that other +users in the file's group have for it (g), and the permissions that +other users not in the file's group have for it (o). +(Thus, `chmod g\-s file' removes the set-group-ID (sgid) bit, +\&`chmod ug+s file' sets both the suid and sgid bits, while +\&`chmod o+s file' does nothing.) +.PP +The name of the `sticky bit' derives from the original meaning: +keep program text on swap device. +These days, when set for a directory, it means that +only the owner of the file and the owner of that directory +may remove the file from that directory. +(This is commonly used on directories like /tmp that have +general write permission.) +.PP +A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by +adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Any omitted digits are +assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID +(4) and set group ID (2) and save text image [`sticky'] (1) attributes. +The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read +(4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for +other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth +for other users not in the file's group, with the same values. +.PP +.B chmod +never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since the +.B chmod +system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem +since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for +each symbolic link listed on the command line, +.B chmod +changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, +.B chmod +ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-R" +Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "ADDITIONAL GNU DESCRIPTION" +A GNU extension (new in fileutils 4.0) allows one to use +.BI "\-\-reference=" "rfile" +as a mode description: the same mode as that of +.IR rfile . +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-changes" +Verbosely describe the action for each +.I file +whose permissions actually changes. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-silent, \-\-quiet" +Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every +.IR file . +.TP +.B "\-R, \-\-recursive" +Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. For an XSI-conforming system: NLSPATH has the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 only requires the \-R option. Use of other options +may not be portable. This standard does not describe the 't' permission +bit. This standard does not specify whether \fBchmod\fP must preserve +consistency by clearing or refusing to set the suid and sgid +bits, e.g., when all execute bits are cleared, or whether \fBchmod\fP +honors the `s' bit at all. +.SH "NONSTANDARD MODES" +Above we described the use of the `t' bit on directories. +Various systems attach special meanings to otherwise +meaningless combinations of mode bits. +In particular, Linux, following System V (see +System V Interface Definition (SVID) Version 3), +lets the sgid bit for files without group execute permission +mark the file for mandatory locking. For more details, see +the file +.IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mandatory.txt . +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B chmod +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR chattr (1), +.BR chown (1), +.BR install (1), +.BR chmod (2), +.BR stat (2), +.BR umask (2) diff --git a/man1/chown.1 b/man1/chown.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..02c89b406e --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/chown.1 @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH CHOWN 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +chown \- change file owner and group +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "chown [" options "] " user "[:" group "] " file... +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-R] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B "[\-cfhvR] [\-\-dereference]" +.BI [\-\-reference= rfile ] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B chown +changes the user and/or group ownership of each given +.I file +as specified by the first non-option argument +as follows: if only a user name (or numeric user ID) is given, +that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is +not changed. If the user name is followed by a colon and a group +name (or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership +of the files is changed as well. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +The GNU version allows a dot instead of a colon (following BSD). +[This was not allowed by POSIX since a dot is a valid character +in a user name.] +If a colon or dot but no group name follows +the user name, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the +files is changed to that user's login group. If the colon or dot and group +are given, but the user name is omitted, only the group of the files is +changed; in this case, +.B chown +performs the same function as +.BR chgrp . +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-R" +Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-changes" +Verbosely describe the action for each +.I file +whose ownership actually changes. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-silent, \-\-quiet" +Do not print error messages about files whose ownership cannot be changed. +.TP +.B "\-h, \-\-no\-dereference" +Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. +Only available if the +.B lchown +system call is provided. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Verbosely describe the action (or non-action) taken for every +.IR file . +.TP +.B "\-R, \-\-recursive" +Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. +.TP +.B \-\-dereference +Change the ownership of the target of a symbolic link instead of the +symbolic link itself. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.BI "\-\-reference=" "rfile" +(New in file\%utils 4.0.) +Change the ownership of +.I file +to that of +.IR rfile . +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 does not allow use of the dot as separator +between user name and group name. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B chown +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/cp.1 b/man1/cp.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0f95c4e691 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/cp.1 @@ -0,0 +1,392 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" Distributed under GPL. +.\" +.TH CP 1 2003-11 "GNU fileutils 4.1" +.SH NAME +cp \- copy files and directories +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "cp [" "options" "] " "file path" +.br +.BI "cp [" "options" "] " "file... directory" +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-fiprR] [\-\-]" +.sp +Additional POSIX 1003.1-2003 options: +.B "[\-HLP] +.sp +GNU file-utils 4.0 options (shortest form): +.br +.B [\-abdfilprsuvxPR] +.BI "[\-S " SUFFIX ] +.B "[\-V {numbered,existing,simple}]" +.BI [\-\-backup= CONTROL ] +.BI [\-\-sparse= WHEN ] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.sp +Additional GNU file-utils 4.1 options (shortest form): +.br +.B [\-HLP] +.B [\-\-copy\-contents] +.B [\-\-no\-preserve] +.BI [\-\-reply= HOW ] +.B [\-\-remove\-destination] +.B [\-\-strip\-trailing\-slashes] +.BI [\-\-target\-directory= DIR ] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B cp +copies files (or, optionally, directories). +You can either copy one file to a given destination, +or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory. +.PP +If the last argument names an existing directory, +.B cp +copies each source +.I file +into that directory (retaining the same name). Otherwise, +if only two files are given, it copies the first onto the second. It +is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more than two +non-option arguments are given. +.PP +(Thus, if /a is a directory, then `cp \-r /a /b' will copy /a to /b/a +and /a/x to /b/a/x in case a directory /b existed already, but it will +copy /a to /b and /a/x to /b/x if there was no /b beforehand, +while it will fail in case there was an ordinary file /b.) +.PP +The modes of the files and directories created will be the same +as those of the original files, ANDed by 0777, and modified by +the user's umask (unless the \-p option was specified). +(But during the recursive copy of directories, newly created +directories will temporarily get their final mode ORed with +S_IRWXU (0700), so as to allow the process to read, write +and search the newly created directory.) +.PP +Nothing is done when copying a file to itself (except possibly +producing an error message). +When copying to a different existing file, it is opened +using `open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC)'. +When copying to a new file it is created +using `open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, mode)'. +If this fails, the file existed, and the \-f option was given, +.B cp +tries to delete (unlink) the existing file, and if this succeeds +proceeds as for a new file. + +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +POSIX recognizes four options and a half: +.TP +.B \-f +Remove existing destination files if required. (See above.) +.TP +.B \-i +Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files. +(Write a question on stderr, and read the answer from stdin. +Only copy upon an affirmative answer.) +.TP +.B \-p +Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions +(including the setuid and setgid bits), time of last modification +and time of last access. +In case duplication of owner or group fails, the setuid and setgid +bits are cleared. +(Note that afterwards source and copy may well have different +times of last access, since the copy operation is an access +to the source file.) +.TP +.B \-R +Copy directories recursively, and do the right thing when +objects other than ordinary files or directories are encountered. +(Thus, the copy of a FIFO or special file is a FIFO or special file.) +.TP +.B \-r +Copy directories recursively, and do something unspecified +with objects other than ordinary files or directories. +(Thus, it is allowed, in fact encouraged, to have the \-r option +a synonym for \-R. However, silly behaviour, like that of the +GNU 4.0 version of +.BR cp +is not forbidden.) +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "ADDITIONAL POSIX 2003 OPTIONS" +POSIX 1003.1-2003 adds three options that specify how to handle +symbolic links. When doing a non-recursive copy, symbolic links +are followed. When doing a recursive copy using the \-r option, +the results are implementation-defined. When doing a recursive +copy using the \-R option: +.TP +.B \-H +Follow the symbolic links given in the parameter list. +Do not follow symbolic links encountered during the recursive copy, +but just copy them as symbolic link. +.TP +.B \-L +Follow all symbolic links, both those that occur in the parameter list +and those encountered during the recursive copy. +.TP +.B \-P +Do not follow any symbolic links, neither those that occur +in the parameter list nor those encountered during the recursive copy. +Just copy them as symbolic link. +.LP +There is no default - one should specify the desired behaviour. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +.PP +Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, +see the +.B "\-\-sparse" +option below. +.PP +By default, `cp' does not copy directories (see +.B "\-r" +below). +.PP +.B cp +generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the following +exception: if +.B "\-\-force \-\-backup" +is specified with +.I source +and +.I dest +identical, and referring to a regular file, +.B cp +will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as specified in +the usual ways. This is useful when you simply want to make a backup +of an existing file before changing it. +.PP +By default, symbolic links are not followed. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-archive" +Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the +original files in the copy (but do not preserve directory structure). +Equivalent to +.BR "\-dpPR" . +.TP +.B "\-b" +See the discussion of backups below. +.TP +.BR "\-\-copy\-contents" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Do the silly things file-utils 4.0 did, +trying to copy the contents of device files and FIFOs during +a recursive copy. Never use this option. With it, `cp' may well hang +indefinitely reading a FIFO or /dev/tty, or fill the destination disk +copying /dev/zero. +.TP +.B "\-d" +Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the +files that they point to, and preserve hard links between source +files in the copies. + +With file-utils 4.0 the long option \-\-no\-dereference was a +synonym for \-d, with file-utils 4.1 it is a synonym for \-P, +while \-d is equivalent to \-\-no\-dereference \-\-preserve=links. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-force" +Remove existing destination files in case an open for writing fails, +and never prompt before doing so. +(Thus since file-utils 4.1. With file-utils 4.0 this option was +equivalent to the new \-\-remove\-destination.) +.TP +.BR "\-H" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +See POSIX description above. +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-interactive" +Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files. +.TP +.B "\-l, \-\-link" +Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories. +.TP +.BR "\-L, \-\-dereference" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +See POSIX description above. +.TP +.BR "\-\-no\-preserve=\fIATTRIBUTES\fP" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Do not preserve the specified attributes. +See the \-\-preserve option below. +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-preserve" +Preserve the original files' owner, group, permissions, and timestamps. +.TP +.BR "\-\-preserve=\fIATTRIBUTES\fP" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Here ATTRIBUTES can be one of "mode" (permissions), "ownership" (owner +and group), "timestamps", "links", "all" (all of the foregoing). +.TP +.BR "\-P, \-\-no\-dereference" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +See POSIX description above. +This replaces the file-utils 4.0 meaning of the \-P option, that +was a synonym for \-\-parents. See also \-d above. +.TP +.BR "\-\-parents" " (in file-utils 4.0 also \-P)" +Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target +directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The +last argument given to +.B cp +must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: +.br +.nf + cp \-\-parents a/b/c existing_dir +.br +.fi +copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any +missing intermediate directories. +.TP +.B "\-r" +In file-utils 4.1: synonym of \-R. +In file-utils 4.0: +Copy directories recursively, copying any non-directories and +non-symbolic links (that is, FIFOs and special files) as if they +were regular files. This silly behaviour is obtained in file-utils 4.1 +if the \-\-copy\-contents option is given. +.TP +.B "\-R, \-\-recursive" +Copy directories recursively, preserving non-directories. +.TP +.BR "\-\-reply=\fIHOW\fP" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Here HOW can be one of "yes", "no", "query", specifying that +to all questions the answer is yes, or is no, or must be obtained +by querying the user, respectively. +.TP +.BR "\-\-remove\-destination" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Remove each existing destination file before copying. +With file-utils 4.0 this option was implied by \-f. +.TP +.BI "\-\-sparse=" "WHEN" +A `sparse file' contains `holes' - sequences of zero bytes that +do not occupy any physical disk blocks; the `read' system call +reads these as zeroes. This can both save considerable disk space +and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of +consecutive zero bytes. By default, +.B cp +detects holes in input source files via a crude heuristic +and makes the corresponding output file sparse as well. +.RS +.PP +The +.I WHEN +value can be one of the following: +.TP +.B auto +The default behavior: the output file is sparse if the input +file is sparse. +.TP +.B always +Always make the output file sparse. This is useful when the +input file resides on a filesystem that does not support +sparse files, but the output file is on a filesystem that does. +.TP +.B never +Never make the output file sparse. If you find an application for +this option, let us know. +.RE +.TP +.BR "\-\-strip\-trailing\-slashes" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Remove any trailing slashes from each source argument. +(This can change the interpretation in case of a symbolic link +to a directory.) +.TP +.B "\-s, \-\-symbolic\-link" +Make symbolic links instead of copies of non-directories. All +source file names must be absolute (starting with `/') unless the +destination files are in the current directory. This option merely +results in an error message on systems that do not support +symbolic links. +.TP +.B "\-S" +Backup suffix, see below. +.TP +.BR "\-\-target\-directory=\fIDIR\fP" " (since file-utils 4.1)" +Specify the destination directory. Meant for use with +.BR xargs (1), +as in "ls | xargs cp --target-directory=../d". +.TP +.B "\-u, \-\-update" +Do not copy a nondirectory that has an existing destination with +the same or newer modification time. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Print the name of each file before copying it. +.TP +.B "\-x, \-\-one\-file\-system" +Skip subdirectories that are on different filesystems from the one +that the copy started on. +.SH "GNU BACKUP OPTIONS" +The GNU versions of programs like +.BR cp , +.BR mv , +.BR ln , +.B install +and +.B patch +will make a backup of files about to be overwritten, changed or destroyed +if that is desired. That backup files are desired is indicated by +the \-b option. How they should be named is specified by the \-V option. +In case the name of the backup file is given by the name of the file +extended by a suffix, this suffix is specified by the \-S option. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-backup" +Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed. +.TP +.BI \-\-backup= CONTROL +(Since fileutils-4.1.) +.TP +.BI "\-S " SUFFIX ", \-\-suffix=" SUFFIX +Append +.I SUFFIX +to each backup file made. +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +environment variable is used. And if +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +is not set, the default is `~'. +.TP +.BI "\-V " METHOD ", \-\-version\-control=" METHOD +.RS +Specify how backup files are named. The +.I METHOD +argument can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or +`simple'). +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B VERSION_CONTROL +environment variable is used. And if +.B VERSION_CONTROL +is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. +.PP +This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'. +The valid +.IR METHOD s +are (unique abbreviations are accepted): +.TP +.BR t ", " numbered +Always make numbered backups. +.TP +.BR nil ", " existing +Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple +backups of the others. +.TP +.BR never ", " simple +Always make simple backups. +.RE +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. For the GNU version, the variables SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +and VERSION_CONTROL control backup file naming, as described above. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B cp +as found in the fileutils-4.1 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/dd.1 b/man1/dd.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f186b7faf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/dd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH DD 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +dd \- convert and copy a file +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B dd +.B [\-\-help] [\-\-version] +.BI [if= file ] +.BI [of= file ] +.BI [ibs= bytes ] +.BI [obs= bytes ] +.BI [bs= bytes ] +.BI [cbs= bytes ] +.BI [skip= blocks ] +.BI [seek= blocks ] +.BI [count= blocks ] +.B "[conv={ascii, ebcdic, ibm, block, unblock, lcase, ucase, swab, noerror, notrunc, sync}]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B dd +copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by +default) using specific input and output blocksizes, +while optionally performing conversions on it. +.PP +It reads the input one block at a time, using the specified input +block size (the default is 512 bytes). +If the +.BI bs= bytes +option was given, and no conversion other than +.BR sync ", " noerror ", or " notrunc +was specified, it writes the amount of data read (which could be smaller +than what was requested) in a separate output block. This output block +has precisely the same length as was read unless the +.B sync +conversion was specified, in which case the data is padded with NULs +(or spaces, see below). +.PP +Otherwise, the input, read one block at a time, is processed +and the resulting output is collected and written in blocks +of the specified output block size. The final output block +may be shorter. +.PP +The numeric-valued options below (bytes and blocks) can be followed +by a multiplier: `k'=1024, `b'=512, `w'=2, `c'=1 +(`w' and `c' are GNU extensions; `w' should never be used - +it means 2 in System V and 4 in 4.2BSD). +Two or more of such numeric expressions can be multiplied +by putting `x' in between. +The GNU fileutils-4.0 version also allows the following multiplicative suffixes +in the specification of blocksizes (in bs=, cbs=, ibs=, obs=): +M=1048576, G=1073741824, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. +A `D' suffix makes them decimal: +kD=1000, MD=1000000, GD=1000000000, etc. +(Note that for ls, df, du the size of M etc. is determined by environment +variables, but for dd it is fixed.) +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI "if=" file +Read from +.I file +instead of standard input. +.TP +.BI "of=" file +Write to +.I file +instead of standard output. Unless +.B conv=notrunc +is given, +.B dd +truncates +.I file +to zero bytes (or the size specified with +.BR seek= ")." +.TP +.BI "ibs=" bytes +Read +.I bytes +bytes at a time. The default is 512. +.TP +.BI "obs=" bytes +Write +.I bytes +bytes at a time. The default is 512. +.TP +.BI "bs=" bytes +Both read and write +.I bytes +bytes at a time. This overrides +.B ibs +and +.BR obs . +(And setting +.B bs +is not equivalent with setting both +.B ibs +and +.B obs +to this same value, at least when no conversion other than +.BR sync , +.B noerror +and +.B notrunc +is specified, since it stipulates that each input block +shall be copied to the output as a single block +without aggregating short blocks.) +.TP +.BI "cbs=" bytes +Specify the conversion block size for +.B block +and +.BR unblock . +.TP +.BI "skip=" blocks +Skip +.I blocks +.BR ibs -byte +blocks in the input file before copying. +.TP +.BI "seek=" blocks +Skip +.I blocks +.BR obs -byte +blocks in the output file before copying. +.TP +.BI "count=" blocks +Copy +.I blocks +.BR ibs -byte +blocks from the input file, instead of everything +until the end of the file. +.TP +.BI "conv=" CONVERSION "[," CONVERSION "]..." +Convert the file as specified by the +.I CONVERSION +argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) +.RS +.PP +Conversions: +.PP +.TP +.B ascii +Convert EBCDIC to ASCII. +.TP +.B ebcdic +Convert ASCII to EBCDIC. +.TP +.B ibm +Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC. +.TP +.B block +For each line in the input, output +.B cbs +bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding +with spaces as necessary. +.TP +.B unblock +Replace trailing spaces in each +.BR cbs -sized +input block with a newline. +.TP +.B lcase +Change uppercase letters to lowercase. +.TP +.B ucase +Change lowercase letters to uppercase. +.TP +.B swab +Swap every pair of input bytes. +If an odd number of bytes are read the last byte +is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). +[POSIX 1003.2b, PASC interpretations 1003.2 #3 and #4] +.TP +.B noerror +Continue after read errors. +.TP +.B notrunc +Do not truncate the output file. +.TP +.B sync +Pad every input block to size of +.B ibs +with trailing zero bytes. +.RE +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH EXAMPLE +Often a tape drive will not accept arbitrarily sized blocks, and +.B dd +would get an I/O error for the last fragment of data that does not +fill an entire block. Use `dd if=myfile of=/dev/mytape conv=sync' +to get everything on tape. Of course, reading it back will now +produce a slightly larger file, with nulls added at the end. +.SH BUGS +Commands like `dd if=myfile of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=172' fail +on some systems because +.B dd +tries to truncate the output file, but truncation of a block device +is not possible. In such cases, add the `conv=notrunc' option. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B dd +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/df.1 b/man1/df.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c5a32693a --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/df.1 @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH DF 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +df \- report filesystem disk space usage +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "df [" options "] [" file... ] +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-kP] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-ahHiklmPv] +.BI "[\-t " fstype ] +.BI "[\-x " fstype ] +.BI "[\-\-block\-size=" size ] +.B [\-\-print\-type] +.B [\-\-no\-sync] +.B [\-\-sync] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B df +reports the amount of disk space used and available on +filesystems. +.PP +With no arguments, +.B df +reports the space used and available on all +currently mounted filesystems (of all types). +Otherwise, +.B df +reports on the filesystem containing each argument +.IR file . +.SH "POSIX DETAILS" +The output is in 512-byte units by default, but in +1024-byte units when the \-k option is given. +The output format is undefined, unless the \-P option is given. +If +.I file +is not a regular file, a directory or a FIFO, the result +is unspecified. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +The output is in 1024-byte units (when no units are +specified by options), unless the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set, in which case POSIX is followed. +.PP +If an argument +.I file +is a disk device file containing a mounted filesystem, +.B df +shows the space available on that filesystem rather +than on the filesystem containing the device node. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-k" +Use 1024-byte units instead of the default 512-byte units. +.TP +.B "\-P" +Output in six columns, with heading `Filesystem N-blocks +Used Available Capacity Mounted on' (with N=512, but N=1024 +when the \-k option is given). +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-all" +Include in the listing filesystems that have a size of 0 blocks, +which are omitted by default. Such filesystems are typically +special-purpose pseudo-filesystems, such as automounter entries. +Also, filesystems of type "ignore" or "auto", supported by some +operating systems, are only included if this option is specified. +.TP +.BI "\-\-block\-size=" size +Print sizes in blocks of +.I size +bytes. (New but broken in fileutils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-h, \-\-human\-readable" +Append a size letter such as +.B M +for binary megabytes (`mebibytes') to each size. +.TP +.B "\-H, \-\-si" +Do the same as for +.BR \-h , +but use the official SI units (with powers of 1000 instead of 1024, +so that M stands for 1000000 instead of 1048576). +(New in fileutils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-inodes" +List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode +(short for index node) contains information about a file such +as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk. +.TP +.B "\-k, \-\-kilobytes" +Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks. +.TP +.B "\-l, \-\-local" +Limit the output to local filesystems only. +(New in fileutils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-m, \-\-megabytes" +Print sizes in binary megabyte (that's 1048576 bytes) blocks. +Note that the four options \-h, \-H, \-k, \-m are mutually exclusive +and only the last one is effective; for example, it is not the case +that giving both the \-\-si and \-m options would result in output +in (actual, 1000000-byte) megabytes. [The interpretation of blocksizes +is also influenced by the environment variable BLOCK_SIZE, but this +does not work in the fileutils-4.0 version.] +.TP +.B "\-\-no\-sync" +Do not invoke the +.B sync +system call before getting any usage data. +This may make +.B df +run significantly faster, but on some systems (notably SunOS) +the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default. +.TP +.B "\-P, \-\-portability" +Use the +.SM POSIX +output format. This is like the default format +except that the information about each filesystem is always +printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line +by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than +20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns +are misaligned. +.TP +.B "\-\-sync" +Invoke the +.B sync +system call before getting any usage data. On some systems +(notably SunOS), doing this yields more up to date results, +but in general this option makes +.B df +much slower, especially when there are many or very busy filesystems. +.TP +.BI "\-t " "fstype, " "\-\-type=" "fstype" +Limit the listing to filesystems of type +.IR fstype . +Multiple filesystem types can be specified by giving multiple +.B \-t +options. By default, nothing is omitted. +.TP +.B "\-T, \-\-print\-type" +Print each filesystem's type. +The types given are those reported by the system +(and are found in a system-dependent way, for example by reading +.IR /etc/mtab ). +See also +.BR mount (8). +.TP +.BI "\-x " "fstype, " "\-\-exclude\-type=" "fstype" +Limit the listing to filesystems not of type +.I fstype. +Multiple filesystem types can be eliminated by giving multiple +.B "\-x" +options. By default, no filesystem types are omitted. +.TP +.B "\-v" +Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of +.B df. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit. +If it is not set, and the variable BLOCKSIZE has a value starting +with `HUMAN', then behaviour is as for the \-h option, +unless overridden by \-k or \-m options. +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR mount (8) +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B df +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/diff.1 b/man1/diff.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a68af4e1e --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/diff.1 @@ -0,0 +1,478 @@ +.\" Date: Fri, 11 Sep 1998 19:13:45 +0100 +.\" From: Edward Betts <edward@hairnet.demon.co.uk> +.\" +.\" Derived from the GNU diff info page. +.\" May be distributed under the GPL. +.TH DIFF 1 1993-09-22 "GNU Tools" "GNU Tools" +.SH NAME +diff \- find differences between two files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B diff +[options] from-file to-file +.SH DESCRIPTION +In the simplest case, +.I diff +compares the contents of the two files +.I from-file +and +.IR to-file . +A file name of +.B \- +stands for +text read from the standard input. As a special case, +.B "diff \- \-" +compares a copy of standard input to itself. + +If +.I from-file +is a directory and +.I to-file +is not, +.I diff +compares the file in +.I from-file +whose file name is that of +.IR to-file , +and vice versa. The non-directory file must not be +.BR \- . + +If both +.I from-file +and +.I to-file +are directories, +.I diff +compares corresponding files in both directories, in +alphabetical order; this comparison is not recursive unless the +.B \-r +or +.B \-\-recursive +option is given. +.I diff +never +compares the actual contents of a directory as if it were a file. The +file that is fully specified may not be standard input, because standard +input is nameless and the notion of ``file with the same name'' does not +apply. + +.B diff +options begin with +.BR \- , +so normally +.I from-file +and +.I to-file +may not begin with +.BR \- . +However, +.B \-\- +as an +argument by itself treats the remaining arguments as file names even if +they begin with +.BR \- . +.SS Options +Below is a summary of all of the options that GNU +.I diff +accepts. +Most options have two equivalent names, one of which is a single letter +preceded by +.BR \- , +and the other of which is a long name preceded by +.BR \-\- . +Multiple single letter options (unless they take an +argument) can be combined into a single command line word: +.B \-ac +is +equivalent to +.BR "\-a \-c" . +Long named options can be abbreviated to +any unique prefix of their name. Brackets +.RB ( [ +and +.BR ] ) +indicate that an +option takes an optional argument. +.TP +.BI \- lines +Show +.I lines +(an integer) lines of context. This option does not +specify an output format by itself; it has no effect unless it is +combined with +.B \-c +or +.BR \-u . +This option is obsolete. For proper +operation, +.I patch +typically needs at least two lines of context. +.TP +.B \-a +Treat all files as text and compare them line-by-line, even if they +do not seem to be text. +.TP +.B \-b +Ignore changes in amount of white space. +.TP +.B \-B +Ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines. +.TP +.B \-\-brief +Report only whether the files differ, not the details of the +differences. +.TP +.B \-c +Use the context output format. +.TP +.BI "\-C " lines +.br +.ns +.TP +.BI \-\-context[= lines ] +Use the context output format, showing +.I lines +(an integer) lines of +context, or three if +.I lines +is not given. +For proper operation, +.I patch +typically needs at least two lines of +context. +.TP +.BI \-\-changed\-group\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a line group containing differing lines from +both files in if-then-else format. +.TP +.B \-d +Change the algorithm to perhaps find a smaller set of changes. This makes +.I diff +slower (sometimes much slower). +.TP +.BI "\-D " name +Make merged if-then-else format output, conditional on the preprocessor +macro +.IR name . +.TP +.B \-e +.br +.ns +.TP +.B \-\-ed +Make output that is a valid +.I ed +script. +.TP +.BI \-\-exclude= pattern +When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames +match +.IR pattern . +.TP +.BI \-\-exclude\-from= file +When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames +match any pattern contained in +.IR file . +.TP +.B \-\-expand\-tabs +Expand tabs to spaces in the output, to preserve the alignment of tabs +in the input files. +.TP +.B \-f +Make output that looks vaguely like an +.I ed +script but has changes +in the order they appear in the file. +.TP +.BI "\-F " regexp +In context and unified format, for each hunk of differences, show some +of the last preceding line that matches +.IR regexp . +.TP +.B \-\-forward\-ed +Make output that looks vaguely like an +.B ed +script but has changes +in the order they appear in the file. +.TP +.B \-h +This option currently has no effect; it is present for Unix +compatibility. +.TP +.B \-H +Use heuristics to speed handling of large files that have numerous +scattered small changes. +.TP +.BI \-\-horizon\-lines= lines +Do not discard the last +.I lines +lines of the common prefix +and the first +.I lines +lines of the common suffix. +.TP +.B \-i +Ignore changes in case; consider upper- and lower-case letters +equivalent. +.TP +.BI "\-I " regexp +Ignore changes that just insert or delete lines that match +.IR regexp . +.TP +.BI \-\-ifdef= name +Make merged if-then-else format output, conditional on the preprocessor +macro +.IR name . +.TP +.B \-\-ignore\-all\-space +Ignore white space when comparing lines. +.TP +.B \-\-ignore\-blank\-lines +Ignore changes that just insert or delete blank lines. +.TP +.B \-\-ignore\-case +Ignore changes in case; consider upper- and lower-case to be the same. +.TP +.BI \-\-ignore\-matching\-lines= regexp +Ignore changes that just insert or delete lines that match +.IR regexp . +.TP +.B \-\-ignore\-space\-change +Ignore changes in amount of white space. +.TP +.B \-\-initial\-tab +Output a tab rather than a space before the text of a line in normal or +context format. This causes the alignment of tabs in the line to look +normal. +.TP +.B \-l +Pass the output through +.I pr +to paginate it. +.TP +.BI "\-L " label +.br +.ns +.TP +.BI \-\-label= label +Use +.I label +instead of the file name in the context format +and unified format +headers. +.TP +.B \-\-left\-column +Print only the left column of two common lines in side by side format. +.TP +.BI \-\-line\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output all input lines in in-then-else format. +.TP +.B \-\-minimal +Change the algorithm to perhaps find a smaller set of changes. This +makes +.I diff +slower (sometimes much slower). +.TP +.B \-n +Output RCS-format diffs; like +.B \-f +except that each command +specifies the number of lines affected. +.TP +.B \-N +.br +.ns +.TP +.B \-\-new\-file +In directory comparison, if a file is found in only one directory, +treat it as present but empty in the other directory. +.TP +.BI \-\-new\-group\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a group of lines taken from just the second +file in if-then-else format. +.TP +.BI \-\-new\-line\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a line taken from just the second file in +if-then-else format. +.TP +.BI \-\-old\-group\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a group of lines taken from just the first +file in if-then-else format. +.TP +.BI \-\-old\-line\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a line taken from just the first file in +if-then-else format. +.TP +.B \-p +Show which C function each change is in. +.TP +.B \-P +When comparing directories, if a file appears only in the second +directory of the two, treat it as present but empty in the other. +.TP +.B \-\-paginate +Pass the output through +.I pr +to paginate it. +.TP +.B \-q +Report only whether the files differ, not the details of the +differences. +.TP +.B \-r +When comparing directories, recursively compare any subdirectories +found. +.TP +.B \-\-rcs +Output RCS-format diffs; like +.B \-f +except that each command +specifies the number of lines affected. +.TP +.B \-\-recursive +When comparing directories, recursively compare any subdirectories +found. +.TP +.B \-\-report\-identical\-files +.br +.ns +.TP +.B \-s +Report when two files are the same. +.TP +.BI "\-S " file +When comparing directories, start with the file +.IR file . +This is +used for resuming an aborted comparison. +.TP +.B \-\-sdiff\-merge\-assist +Print extra information to help +.IR sdiff . +.I sdiff +uses this +option when it runs +.IR diff . +This option is not intended for users +to use directly. +.TP +.B \-\-show\-c\-function +Show which C function each change is in. +.TP +.BI \-\-show\-function\-line= regexp +In context and unified format, for each hunk of differences, show some +of the last preceding line that matches +.IR regexp . +.TP +.B \-\-side\-by\-side +Use the side by side output format. +.TP +.B \-\-speed\-large\-files +Use heuristics to speed handling of large files that have numerous +scattered small changes. +.TP +.BI \-\-starting\-file= file +When comparing directories, start with the file +.IR file . +This is +used for resuming an aborted comparison. +.TP +.B \-\-suppress\-common\-lines +Do not print common lines in side by side format. +.TP +.B \-t +Expand tabs to spaces in the output, to preserve the alignment of tabs +in the input files. +.TP +.B \-T +Output a tab rather than a space before the text of a line in normal or +context format. This causes the alignment of tabs in the line to look +normal. +.TP +.B \-\-text +Treat all files as text and compare them line-by-line, even if they +do not appear to be text. +.TP +.B \-u +Use the unified output format. +.TP +.BI \-\-unchanged\-group\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a group of common lines taken from both files +in if-then-else format. +.TP +.BI \-\-unchanged\-line\-format= format +Use +.I format +to output a line common to both files in if-then-else +format. +.TP +.B \-\-unidirectional\-new\-file +When comparing directories, if a file appears only in the second +directory of the two, treat it as present but empty in the other. +.TP +.BI "\-U " lines +.br +.ns +.TP +.BI \-\-unified[= lines ] +Use the unified output format, showing +.I lines +(an integer) lines of +context, or three if +.I lines +is not given. +For proper operation, +.I patch +typically needs at least two lines of +context. +.TP +.B \-v +.br +.ns +.TP +.B \-\-version +Output the version number of +.IR diff . +.TP +.B \-w +Ignore white space when comparing lines. +.TP +.BI "\-W " columns +.br +.ns +.TP +.BI \-\-width= columns +Use an output width of +.I columns +in side by side format. +.TP +.BI "\-x " pattern +When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames +match +.IR pattern . +.TP +.BI "\-X " file +When comparing directories, ignore files and subdirectories whose basenames +match any pattern contained in +.IR file . +.TP +.B \-y +Use the side by side output format. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +cmp(1), comm(1), diff3(1), ed(1), patch(1), pr(1), sdiff(1). +.SH DIAGNOSTICS +An exit status of 0 means no differences were found, 1 means some +differences were found, and 2 means trouble. diff --git a/man1/dir.1 b/man1/dir.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a85b838f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/dir.1 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +.so man1/ls.1 diff --git a/man1/dircolors.1 b/man1/dircolors.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5670e608cc --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/dircolors.1 @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.\" Modified, James Sneeringer <jvs@ocslink.com>, Wed Sep 22 23:21:19 1999 +.\" +.TH DIRCOLORS 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +dircolors \- color setup for `ls' +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B dircolors +.B [\-b] [\-\-sh] [\-\-bourne\-shell] +.B [\-c] [\-\-csh] [\-\-c\-shell] +.B [\-p] [\-\-print\-database] +.B [\-\-help] [\-\-version] +.BI [ FILE ] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B dircolors +outputs a sequence of shell commands to define the desired +color output from +.B ls +(and +.BR dir , +etc.). Typical usage: +.br +.RS +eval `dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]` +.RE +.PP +If +.I FILE +is specified, +.B dircolors +reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and +extensions. Otherwise, a compiled-in database is used. For details +on the format of these files, run `dircolors \-p'. +.PP +The output is a shell command to set the +.B LS_COLORS +environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the +command line, or +.B dircolors +will guess it from the value of the +.B SHELL +environment variable. +.PP +After execution of this command, `ls \-\-color' (which one might alias to ls) +will list files in the desired colors. +.PP +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-sh, \-\-bourne\-shell" +Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if the +.B SHELL +environment variable is set and does not end with +.I csh +or +.IR tcsh . +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-csh, \-\-c\-shell" +Output C shell commands. This is the default if +.B SHELL +ends with +.I csh +or +.IR tcsh . +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-print\-database" +Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration database. This +output is itself a valid configuration file, and is fairly +descriptive of the possibilities. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables SHELL and TERM are used to find the proper form +of the shell command. +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +The variable LS_COLORS is used to transfer information to +.BR ls . +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +Coloured output for +.BR ls (1) +is a GNU extension. +This implementation is not entirely compatible with the original +.BR dircolors / color-ls +package distributed with Slackware Linux. Notably, specific support +for the Z shell and Korn shell is not present. Users of these shells +should use the Bourne shell (-b) mode. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR ls (1), +.BR dir_colors (5) +.SH FILES +The program +.B dircolors +itself does not use any configuration files. However, +customarily the shell initialization scripts invoke +.B dircolors +with one of the following. +.TP +.I /etc/DIR_COLORS +System-wide configuration file for +.BR dircolors . +.TP +.I ~/.dir_colors +Per-user configuration file for +.BR dircolors . +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B dircolors +as found in the file\%utils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/du.1 b/man1/du.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73682b2183 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/du.1 @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH DU 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +du \- estimate file space usage +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "du [" options "] [" file... ] +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-askx] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-abcDhHklLmsSxX] +.BI "[\-\-block\-size=" size ] +.BI "[\-\-exclude=" pattern ] +.BI "[\-\-max\-depth=" n ] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B du +reports the amount of disk space used by the specified files, +and by each directory in the hierarchies rooted at the +specified files. +Here `disk space used' means space used for the entire +file hierarchy below the specified file. +.PP +With no arguments, +.B du +reports the disk space for the current directory. +.SH "POSIX DETAILS" +The output is in 512-byte units by default, but in +1024-byte units when the \-k option is given. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +The output is in 1024-byte units (when no units are +specified by options), unless the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set, in which case POSIX is followed. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-a" +Show counts for all files encountered, not just directories. +.TP +.B "\-k" +Use 1024-byte units instead of the default 512-byte units. +.TP +.B "\-s" +Only output space usage for the actual arguments given, +not for their subdirectories. +.TP +.B "\-x" +Only count space on the same device as the argument given. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-all" +Show counts for all files, not just directories. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-bytes" +Print sizes in bytes, instead of kilobytes. +.TP +.BI "\-\-block\-size=" size +Print sizes in blocks of +.I size +bytes. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-total" +Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been +processed. This can be used to find out the total disk usage of a +given set of files or directories. +.TP +.B "\-D, \-\-dereference\-args" +Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments. Does +not affect other symbolic links. This is helpful for finding out +the disk usage of directories, such as +.IR /usr/tmp , +which are often symbolic links. +.TP +.BI "\-\-exclude=" pattern +When recursing, skip subdirectories or files matching +.IR pattern . +The +.I pattern +may be any standard Bourne shell file glob pattern. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-h, \-\-human\-readable" +Append a size letter, such as +.B M +for binary megabytes (`mebibytes'), to each size. +.TP +.B "\-H, \-\-si" +Do the same as for +.BR \-h , +but use the official SI units (with powers of 1000 instead of 1024, +so that M stands for 1000000 instead of 1048576). +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-k, \-\-kilobytes" +Print sizes in KiB (binary kilobytes, 1024 bytes). +.TP +.B "\-l, \-\-count\-links" +Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared already +(as a hard link). +.TP +.B "\-L, \-\-dereference" +Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by the file +or directory that the link points to instead of the space used by +the link). +.TP +.B "\-m, \-\-megabytes" +Print sizes in MiB (binary megabytes, 1048576 bytes). +.TP +.BI "\-\-max\-depth=" n +Print the total for a directory (or file, with the +.B \-a +flag) only if it is +.I n +or fewer levels below the command line argument; +.BI "\-\-max\-depth=" 0 +is the same as the +.B \-s +flag. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-s, \-\-summarize" +Display only a total for each argument. +.TP +.B "\-S, \-\-separate\-dirs" +Report the size of each directory separately, not including the +sizes of subdirectories. +.TP +.B "\-x, \-\-one\-file\-system" +Skip directories that are on different filesystems from the one +that the argument being processed is on. +.TP +.BI "\-X " "file, " "\-\-exclude\-from=" "file" +Like +.BR \-\-exclude , +except take the patterns to exclude from the specified +.IR file . +Patterns are listed one per line. If +.I file +is given as `\-', patterns are read from standard input. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH BUGS +On BSD systems, +.B du +reports sizes that are half the correct values +for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, +it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are +NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also +affects the HP-UX +.B du +program. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit. +If it is not set, and the variable BLOCKSIZE has a value starting +with `HUMAN', then behaviour is as for the \-h option, +unless overridden by \-k or \-m options. +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B du +as found in the file\%utils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/install.1 b/man1/install.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7151b69ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/install.1 @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH INSTALL 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +install \- copy files and set attributes +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B install +.BI [ options ] +.B [\-s] [\-\-strip] +.I source dest +.br +.B install +.BI [ options ] +.B [\-s] [\-\-strip] +.I source... directory +.br +.B install +.BI [ options ] +.B [\-d,\-\-directory] +.I directory... +.sp +Options (shortest form): +.br +.B [\-b] +.B [\-c] +.B [\-D] +.BI "[\-g " group ] +.BI "[\-m " mode ] +.BI "[\-o " owner ] +.BI "[\-S " SUFFIX ] +.B [\-V {numbered,existing,simple}] +.B [\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-] +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B install +copies files while setting their permission modes and, if +possible, their owner and group. +.PP +In the first of these invocation forms, the +.I source +file is copied to the +.I dest +target file. In the second, each of the +.I source +files are copied to the destination +.IR directory . +In the last, each +.I directory +(and any missing parent directories) is created. +.PP +.B install +is similar to +.BR cp , +but allows you to control the attributes of destination files. +It is typically used in Makefiles to copy programs into their +destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves. +.PP +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B "\-c" +Ignored; for compatibility with old Unix versions of +.BR install . +.TP +.B "\-d, \-\-directory" +Create each given directory and any missing parent directories, +setting the owner, group and mode as given on the command line or +to the defaults. It also gives any parent directories it creates +those attributes. (This is different from the SunOS 4.x +.BR install , +which gives directories that it creates the default attributes.) +.TP +.B "\-D" +Create all leading components of the +.I dest +except the last, then copy +.I source +to +.IR dest . +This option is useful in the first format in the synopsis, above. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.BI "\-g " "group" ", \-\-group=" "group" +Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to +.IR group . +The default is the process's current group. +.I group +may be either a group name or a numeric group id. +.TP +.BI "\-m " "mode" ", \-\-mode=" "mode" +Set the permissions for the installed file or directory to +.IR mode , +which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in +.BR chmod , +with 0 as the point of departure. The default mode is 0755 - read, +write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for group and other. +.TP +.BI "\-o " "owner" ", \-\-owner=" "owner" +If +.B install +has appropriate privileges (is run as root), set the ownership of +installed files or directories to +.IR owner . +The default is `root'. +.I owner +may be either a user name or a numeric user ID. +.TP +.B "\-s, \-\-strip" +Strip the symbol tables from installed binary executables. +.SH "GNU BACKUP OPTIONS" +The GNU versions of programs like +.BR cp , +.BR mv , +.BR ln , +.B install +and +.B patch +will make a backup of files about to be overwritten, changed or destroyed +if that is desired. That backup files are desired is indicated by +the \-b option. How they should be named is specified by the \-V option. +In case the name of the backup file is given by the name of the file +extended by a suffix, this suffix is specified by the \-S option. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-backup" +Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed. +.TP +.BI "\-S " SUFFIX ", \-\-suffix=" SUFFIX +Append +.I SUFFIX +to each backup file made. +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +environment variable is used. And if +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +is not set, the default is `~'. +.TP +.BI "\-V " METHOD ", \-\-version\-control=" METHOD +.RS +Specify how backup files are named. The +.I METHOD +argument can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or +`simple'). +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B VERSION_CONTROL +environment variable is used. And if +.B VERSION_CONTROL +is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. +.PP +This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'. +The valid +.IR METHOD s +are (unique abbreviations are accepted): +.TP +.BR t ", " numbered +Always make numbered backups. +.TP +.BR nil ", " existing +Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple +backups of the others. +.TP +.BR never ", " simple +Always make simple backups. +.RE +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. For the GNU version, the variables SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +and VERSION_CONTROL control backup file naming, as described above. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +BSD 4.2 (which had the \-c, \-m, \-o, \-g and \-s options). +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B install +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4790c2f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -0,0 +1,258 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl> +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +.\" preserved on all copies. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the +.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +.\" permission notice identical to this one. +.\" +.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this +.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no +.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from +.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not +.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, +.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working +.\" professionally. +.\" +.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by +.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. +.\" +.TH INTRO 1 2002-08-06 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual" +.SH NAME +intro \- Introduction to user commands +.SH DESCRIPTION +Linux is a flavour of Unix, and as a first approximation +all user commands under Unix work precisely the same under +Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other Unix-like systems). +.LP +Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you +can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without +first reading lots of documentation. The traditional Unix environment +is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to +tell the computer what to do. That is faster and more powerful, +but requires finding out what the commands are. +Below a bare minimum, to get started. +.SS "Login" +In order to start working, you probably first have to login, +that is, give your username and password. See also +.BR login (1). +The program +.I login +now starts a +.I shell +(command interpreter) for you. +In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons +and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. See also +.BR xterm (1). +.SS "The shell" +One types commands to the +.IR shell , +the command interpreter. It is not built-in, but is just a program +and you can change your shell. Everybody has her own favourite one. +The standard one is called +.IR sh . +See also +.BR ash (1), +.BR bash (1), +.BR csh (1), +.BR zsh (1), +.BR chsh (1). +.LP +A session might go like + +.RS +.nf +.BI "knuth login: " aeb +.BI "Password: " ******** +.BI "% " date +Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002 +.BI "% " cal + August 2002 +Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa + 1 2 3 + 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +11 12 13 14 15 16 17 +18 19 20 21 22 23 24 +25 26 27 28 29 30 31 + +.BI "% " ls +bin tel +.BI "% " "ls -l" +total 2 +drwxrwxr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +-rw-rw-r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel +.BI "% " "cat tel" +maja 0501-1136285 +peter 0136-7399214 +.BI "% " "cp tel tel2" +.BI "% " "ls -l" +total 3 +drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel +-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 +.BI "% " "mv tel tel1" +.BI "% " "ls -l" +total 3 +drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1 +-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 +.BI "% " "diff tel1 tel2" +.BI "% " "rm tel1" +.BI "% " "grep maja tel2" +maja 0501-1136285 +.BI "% " +.fi +.RE +and here typing Control-D ended the session. +The +.B "% " +here was the command prompt - it is the shell's way of indicating +that it is ready for the next command. The prompt can be customized +in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like user name, +machine name, current directory, time, etc. +An assignment PS1="What next, master? " +would change the prompt as indicated. +.LP +We see that there are commands +.I date +(that gives date and time), and +.I cal +(that gives a calendar). +.LP +The command +.I ls +lists the contents of the current directory - it tells you what +files you have. With a \-l option it gives a long listing, +that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the +permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. +For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb +and the owner can read and write it, others can only read it. +Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands +.I chown +and +.IR chmod . +.LP +The command +.I cat +will show the contents of a file. +(The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as +parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output", here +the terminal screen.) +.LP +The command +.I cp +(from "copy") will copy a file. +On the other hand, the command +.I mv +(from "move") only renames it. +.LP +The command +.I diff +lists the differences between two files. +Here there was no output because there were no differences. +.LP +The command +.I rm +(from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. +No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost. +.LP +The command +.I grep +(from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. +Here it finds Maja's telephone number. +.SS "Path names and the current directory" +Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. +Each has a +.I "path name" +describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called /) +to the file. For example, such a full path name might be /home/aeb/tel. +Always using full path names would be inconvenient, and the name +of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by only giving +the last component. That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated +to "tel" when the current directory is "/home/aeb". +.LP +The command +.I pwd +prints the current directory. +.LP +The command +.I cd +changes the current directory. +Try "cd /" and "pwd" and "cd" and "pwd". +.SS "Directories" +The command +.I mkdir +makes a new directory. +.LP +The command +.I rmdir +removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. +.LP +The command +.I find +(with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name +or other properties. For example, "find . -name tel" would find +the file "tel" starting in the present directory (which is called "."). +And "find / -name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root +of the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, +and it may be better to use +.BR locate (1). +.SS "Disks and Filesystems" +The command +.I mount +will attach the filesystem found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) +to the big filesystem hierarchy. And +.I umount +detaches it again. +The command +.I df +will tell you how much of your disk is still free. +.SS "Processes" +On a Unix system many user and system processes run simultaneously. +The one you are talking to runs in the +.IR foreground , +the others in the +.IR background . +The command +.I ps +will show you which processes are active and what numbers these +processes have. +The command +.I kill +allows you to get rid of them. Without option this is a friendly +request: please go away. And "kill -9" followed by the number +of the process is an immediate kill. +Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. +.SS "Getting information" +There are thousands of commands, each with many options. +Traditionally commands are documented on +.IR "man pages" , +(like this one), so that the command "man kill" will document +the use of the command "kill" (and "man man" document the command "man"). +The program +.I man +sends the text through some +.IR pager , +usually +.IR less . +Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. +.LP +In documentation it is custumary to refer to man pages +by giving the name and section number, as in +.BR man (1). +Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten +detail. For newcomers an introductory text with more examples +and explanations is useful. +.LP +A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. Type "info info" +for an introduction on the use of the program "info". +.LP +Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. Look in +.I /usr/share/doc/howto/en +and use a browser if you find HTML files there. +.\" +.\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? +.\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm diff --git a/man1/ldd.1 b/man1/ldd.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..014f12fc8c --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/ldd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +.\" Copyright 1995-2000 David Engel (david@ods.com) +.\" Copyright 1995 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) +.\" Copyright 2000 Ben Collins (bcollins@debian.org) +.\" Redone for GLibc 2.2 +.\" Copyright 2000 Jakub Jelinek (jakub@redhat.com) +.\" Corrected. +.\" Most of this was copied from the README file. +.\" Do not restrict distribution. +.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License +.TH LDD 1 "30 October 2000" "Linux Programmer's Manual" +.SH NAME +ldd \- print shared library dependencies +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B ldd +.RB [OPTION]... +FILE... +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ldd +prints the shared libraries required by each program or shared library +specified on the command line. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-V\ \-\-version +Print the version number of +.BR ldd . +.TP +.B \-v\ \-\-verbose +Print all information, including e.g. symbol versioning information. +.TP +.B \-d\ \-\-data\-relocs +Perform relocations and report any missing objects (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-r\ \-\-function\-relocs +Perform relocations for both data objects and functions, and +report any missing objects or functions (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-\-help +Usage information. +.SH NOTES +The standard version of +.B ldd +comes with glibc2. Libc5 came with an older version, still present +on some systems. The long options are not supported by the libc5 version. +On the other hand, the glibc2 version does not support +.B \-V +and only has the equivalent +.BR \-\-version . +.LP +The libc5 version of this program will use the name of a library given +on the command line as-is when it contains a '/'; otherwise it +searches for the library in the standard locations. To run it +on a shared library in the current directory, prefix the name with "./". +.SH BUGS +.B ldd +does not work on a.out shared libraries. +.PP +.B ldd +does not work with some extremely old a.out programs which were +built before +.B ldd +support was added to the compiler releases. +If you use +.B ldd +on one of these programs, the program will attempt to run with +\fIargc\fP = 0 and the results will be unpredictable. +.\" .SH AUTHOR +.\" David Engel. +.\" Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper. +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ld.so (8), +.BR ldconfig (8) diff --git a/man1/ln.1 b/man1/ln.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a8d2e73f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/ln.1 @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH LN 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +ln \- make links between files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B ln [options] +.IB source " [" dest ] +.br +.B ln [options] +.I source... directory +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-f] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-bdfinsvF] +.BI "[\-S " backup-suffix ] +.B "[\-V {numbered,existing,simple}]" +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +There are two concepts of `link' in Unix, usually called +hard link and soft link. A hard link is just a name for a file. +(And a file can have several names. It is deleted from disk only +when the last name is removed. The number of names is given by +.BR ls (1). +There is no such thing as an `original' name: all names have the +same status. Usually, but not necessarily, all names of a file +are found in the filesystem that also contains its data.) +.PP +A soft link (or symbolic link, or symlink) is an entirely different +animal: it is a small special file that contains a pathname. +Thus, soft links can point at files on different filesystems +(possibly NFS mounted from different machines), and need not point +to actually existing files. +When accessed (with the +.BR open (2) +or +.BR stat (2) +system calls), a reference to a symlink is replaced by the operating +system kernel with a reference to the file named by the path name. +(However, with +.BR rm (1) +and +.BR unlink (2) +the link itself is removed, not the file it points to. +There are special system calls +.BR lstat (2) +and +.BR readlink (2) +that read the status of a symlink and the filename it points to. +For various other system calls there is some uncertainty +and variation between operating systems as to whether +the operation acts on the symlink itself, or on the file pointed to.) +.PP +.B ln +makes links between files. By default, it makes hard links; +with the +.B "\-s" +option, it makes symbolic (or `soft') links. +.PP +If only one file is given, it links that file into +the current directory, that is, creates a link to that file +in the current directory, with name equal to (the last component of) +the name of that file. (This is a GNU extension.) +Otherwise, if the last argument names an existing directory, +.B ln +will create links to each mentioned +.I source +file in that directory, with a name equal to (the last component of) +the name of that +.I source +file. (But see the description of the +.B "\-\-no\-dereference" +option below.) +Otherwise, if only two files are given, it creates a link named +.I dest +to the file +.IR source . +It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and +more than two files are given. +.PP +By default, +.B ln +does not remove existing files or existing symbolic links. +(Thus, it can be used for locking purposes: it will succeed only if +.I dest +did not exist already.) +But it can be forced to do so with the option \-f. +.PP +On existing implementations, if it is at all possible to make a hard link +to a directory, this may be done by the superuser only. POSIX forbids +the system call +.BR link (2) +and the utility +.B ln +to make hard links to directories (but does not forbid +hard links to cross filesystem boundaries). +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-f" +Remove existing destination files. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-d, \-F, \-\-directory" +Allow the super-user to make hard links to directories. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-force" +Remove existing destination files. +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-interactive" +Prompt whether to remove existing destination files. +.TP +.B "\-n, \-\-no\-dereference" +When given an explicit destination that is a symlink to a +directory, treat that destination as if it were a normal file. + +When the destination is an actual directory (not a symlink to one), +there is no ambiguity. The link is created in that directory. +But when the specified destination is a symlink to a directory, +there are two ways to treat the user's request. +.B ln +can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and +create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be +viewed as a non-directory - as the symlink itself. In that case, +.B ln +must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. +The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory +just like a directory. +.TP +.B "\-s, \-\-symbolic" +Make symbolic links instead of hard links. This option merely +produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Print the name of each file before linking it. +.SH "GNU BACKUP OPTIONS" +The GNU versions of programs like +.BR cp , +.BR mv , +.BR ln , +.B install +and +.B patch +will make a backup of files about to be overwritten, changed or destroyed +if that is desired. That backup files are desired is indicated by +the \-b option. How they should be named is specified by the \-V option. +In case the name of the backup file is given by the name of the file +extended by a suffix, this suffix is specified by the \-S option. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-backup" +Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed. +.TP +.BI "\-S " SUFFIX ", \-\-suffix=" SUFFIX +Append +.I SUFFIX +to each backup file made. +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +environment variable is used. And if +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +is not set, the default is `~'. +.TP +.BI "\-V " METHOD ", \-\-version\-control=" METHOD +.RS +Specify how backup files are named. The +.I METHOD +argument can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or +`simple'). +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B VERSION_CONTROL +environment variable is used. And if +.B VERSION_CONTROL +is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. +.PP +This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'. +The valid +.IR METHOD s +are (unique abbreviations are accepted): +.TP +.BR t ", " numbered +Always make numbered backups. +.TP +.BR nil ", " existing +Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple +backups of the others. +.TP +.BR never ", " simple +Always make simple backups. +.RE +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2. However, POSIX 1003.2 (1996) does not discuss soft links. +Soft links were introduced by BSD, and do not occur in System V release 3 +(and older) systems. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR ls (1), +.BR rm (1), +.BR link (2), +.BR lstat (2), +.BR open (2), +.BR readlink (2), +.BR stat (2), +.BR unlink (2) +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B ln +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/ls.1 b/man1/ls.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a4ca35d82 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/ls.1 @@ -0,0 +1,573 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH LS 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +ls, dir, vdir \- list directory contents +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "ls [" options "] [" file... ] +.br +.BI "dir [" file... ] +.br +.BI "vdir [" file... ] +.sp +POSIX options: +.BI "[\-CFRacdilqrtu1] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-1abcdfghiklmnopqrstuvwxABCDFGHLNQRSUX] +.BI "[\-w " cols ] +.BI "[\-T " cols ] +.BI "[\-I " pattern ] +.B [\-\-full\-time] +.B [\-\-show\-control\-chars] +.BI "[\-\-block\-size=" size ] +.B [\-\-format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single\-column}] +.B [\-\-sort={none,time,size,extension}] +.B [\-\-time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] +.B [\-\-color[={none,auto,always}]] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +The program +.B ls +lists first its non-directory +.I file +arguments, and then for each directory argument all listable files +contained within that directory. If no non-option arguments are present, +a default argument `.' (the current directory) is assumed. +The \-d option causes directories to be treated as non-directory arguments. +A file is listable when either its name does not start with `.', +or the \-a option is given. +.PP +Each of the lists of files (that of non-directory files, and for +each directory the list of files inside) is sorted separately +according to the collating sequence in the current locale. +When the \-l option is given, each list is preceded by a summary +line giving the total size of all files in the list, measured +in 512-byte or 1024-byte blocks. +.\" POSIX: 512, GNU: 1024 +.\" rumoured: early AIX 3.1: 1024, later AIX: 512 +.PP +The output is to stdout, one entry per line, unless multicolumn +output is requested by the \-C option. However, for output to a +terminal, it is undefined whether the output will be single-column +or multi-column. The options \-1 and \-C can be used to force +single-column and multi-column output, respectively. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-C" +List files in columns, sorted vertically. +.TP +.B "\-F" +Suffix each directory name with `/', each FIFO name with `|', and +each name of an executable with `*'. +.TP +.B "\-R" +Recursively list subdirectories encountered. +.TP +.B "\-a" +Include files with a name starting with `.' in the listing. +.TP +.B "\-c" +Use the status change time instead of the modification time +for sorting (with \-t) or listing (with \-l). +.TP +.B "\-d" +List names of directories like other files, rather than +listing their contents. +.TP +.B "\-i" +Precede the output for the file by the file serial number (i-node number). +.TP +.B "\-l" +Write (in single-column format) the file mode, the number of links +to the file, the owner name, the group name, the size of the file (in bytes), +the timestamp, and the filename. The summary line uses 512-byte units. + +The file types are as follows: +.B \- +for an ordinary file, +.B d +for a directory, +.B b +for a block special device, +.B c +for a character special device, +.B l +for a symbolic link, +.B p +for a fifo, +.B s +for a socket. + +By default, the timestamp shown is that of the last modification; the +options \-c and \-u select the other two timestamps. +For device special files the size field is commonly replaced +by the major and minor device numbers. +.TP +.B "\-q" +Output nonprintable characters in a filename as question marks. +(This is permitted to be the default for output to a terminal.) +.TP +.B "\-r" +Reverse the order of the sort. +.TP +.B "\-t" +Sort by the timestamp shown. +.TP +.B "\-u" +Use the time of last access instead of the modification time +for sorting (with \-t) or listing (with \-l). +.TP +.B "\-1" +For single-column output. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +If standard output is a terminal, the output is in columns (sorted vertically). +.PP +.B dir +(also installed as +.BR d ) +is equivalent to `ls\ \-C\ \-b'; that is, files are by default listed +in columns, sorted vertically. +.B vdir +(also installed as +.BR v ) +is equivalent to `ls\ \-l\ \-b'; that is, files are by default listed +in long format. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-1, \-\-format=single\-column" +List one file per line. This is the default for when standard output is +not a terminal. +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-all" +List all files in directories, including all files that start with `.'. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-escape, \-\-quoting\-style=escape" +Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal +backslash sequences like those used in C. This option is the same as +.B "\-Q" +except that filenames are not surrounded by double\-quotes. +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-time=ctime, \-\-time=status" +Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time (the +`ctime' in the inode). If the long listing format is being +.RB "used (" \-l ) +print the status change time instead of the modification time. +.TP +.B "\-d, \-\-directory" +List names of directories like other files, rather than listing their contents. +.TP +.B "\-f" +Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are +stored on the disk. +Also enables +.B \-a +and +.BR \-U +and disables +.BR \-l , +.BR \-\-color , +.BR \-s , +and +.B \-t +if they were specified before the +.BR \-f . +.TP +.B \-g +Ignored; for Unix compatibility. +.TP +.B "\-h, \-\-human\-readable" +Append a size letter, such as +.B M +for binary megabytes (`mebibytes'), to each size. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-inode" +Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index +number) of each file to the left of the file name. (This number uniquely +identifies each file within a particular filesystem) +.TP +.B "\-k, \-\-kilobytes" +If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilobytes. +.TP +.B "\-l, \-\-format=long, \-\-format=verbose" +In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, +permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in +bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are +selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or +more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year +instead of the time of day. + +For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line +`total +.IR blocks "', where " blocks " is the total disk space used by all" +files in that directory. By default, 1024-byte blocks are used; +if the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set, 512-byte blocks are used (unless the +.B \-k +.RI "option is given). The " blocks +computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency. + +The permissions listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications but +.B ls +combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions +.RS +.TP +.B s +If the setuid or setgid bit and the corresponding executable bit are +both set. +.TP +.B S +If the setuid or setgid bit is set but the corresponding executable bit +is not set. +.TP +.B t +If the sticky bit and the other-executable bit are both set. +.TP +.B T +If the sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set. +.TP +.B x +If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply. +.TP +.B \- +Otherwise. +.RE +.TP +.B "\-m, \-\-format=commas" +List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, +each separated by a comma and a space. +.TP +.B "\-n, \-\-numeric\-uid\-gid" +List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names. +.TP +.B \-o +Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group +information. It is equivalent to using +.BR "\-\-format=long \-\-no\-group" . +This option is provided for compatibility with other versions of +.BR ls . +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-file\-type, \-\-indicator\-style=file\-type" +Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like +.B \-F +except that executables aren't marked. +(In fact fileutils-4.0 treats the --file-type option like --classify.) +.TP +.B "\-q, \-\-hide\-control\-chars" +Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This +is the default. +.TP +.B "\-r, \-\-reverse" +Sort directory contents in reverse order. +.TP +.B "\-s, \-\-size" +Print the size of each file in 1024-byte blocks to the left of the file name. +If the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set, 512-byte blocks are used instead, unless the +.B \-k +option is given. +.TP +.B "\-t, \-\-sort=time" +Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the inode) instead of +alphabetically, with the newest files listed first. +.TP +.B "\-u, \-\-time=atime, \-\-time=access, \-\-time=use" +Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time +instead of the modification time (the `atime' in the inode). If the long +listing format is being used, print the last access time instead of the +modification time. +.TP +.B "\-v" +Sort directory contents according to the files' version. This takes into +account the fact that filenames frequently include indices or version +numbers. Standard sorting functions usually do not produce the ordering +that people expect because comparisons are made on a +character\-by\-character basis. The version sort addresses this problem, +and is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many +files with indices/version numbers in their names. For example: + +.nf + > ls -1 > ls -1v + foo.zml-1.gz foo.zml-1.gz + foo.zml-100.gz foo.zml-12.gz + foo.zml-12.gz foo.zml-25.gz + foo.zml-25.gz foo.zml-100.gz +.fi + +Note also that numeric parts with leading zeroes are considered as +fractional: + +.nf + > ls -1 > ls -1v + abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.007.tgz + abc-1.012b.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz + abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz +.fi + +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.BI "\-w, \-\-width " cols +Assume the screen is +.I cols +columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal driver if +possible; otherwise the environment variable +.B COLUMNS +is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80. +.TP +.B "\-x, \-\-format=across, \-\-format=horizontal" +List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. +.TP +.B "\-A, \-\-almost\-all" +List all files in directories, except for `.' and `..'. +.TP +.B "\-B, \-\-ignore\-backups" +Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the +command line. +.TP +.B "\-C, \-\-format=vertical" +List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default if standard +output is a terminal. It is always the default for +.BR dir " and " d . +.TP +.B "\-D, \-\-dired" +With the long listing +.RB ( \-l ) +format, print an additional line after the main output: +.br +.B //DIRED// +.I BEG1 END1 BEG2 END2 ... +.br + +The +.IR BEGn " and " ENDn +are unsigned integers which record the byte position of +the beginning and end of each file name in the output. This makes it easy +for Emacs to find the names, even when they contain unusual characters +such as space or newline, without fancy searching. + +If directories are being listed recursively +.RB ( \-R ), +output a similar line after each subdirectory: +.br +.B //SUBDIRED// +.I BEG1 END1 ... +.TP +.B "\-F, \-\-classify, \-\-indicator\-style=classify" +Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. For +regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type +indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for +FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. +.TP +.B "\-G, \-\-no\-group" +Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing. +.TP +.B "\-H, \-\-si" +Do the same as for +.BR \-h , +but use the official SI units (with powers of 1000 instead of 1024, +so that M stands for 1000000 instead of 1048576). +(New in fileutils-4.0.) +.TP +.BI "\-I, \-\-ignore=" pattern +Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern +.I pattern +(not regular expression) unless they are given on the command line. As +in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard at +the start of +.I pattern. +For simple-minded root-kits: add LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS -I mystuff" +in /etc/profile or so, to hide your directories. +.TP +.B "\-L, \-\-dereference" +List the file information corresponding to the referrents of symbolic +links rather for the links themselves. +.TP +.B "\-N, \-\-literal" +Do not quote file names. +.TP +.B "\-Q, \-\-quote\-name, \-\-quoting\-style=c" +Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as +in C. +.TP +.B "\-R, \-\-recursive" +List the contents of all directories recursively. +.TP +.B "\-S, \-\-sort=size" +Sort directory contents by file size instead of alphabetically, with +the largest files listed first. +.TP +.BI "\-T, \-\-tabsize " cols +Assume that each tabstop is +.I cols +columns wide. The default is 8 and can be overridden by +the environment variable TABSIZE when POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set. +.B ls +uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If +.I cols +is zero, do not use tabs at all. +.TP +.B "\-U, \-\-sort=none" +Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are +stored on the disk. (The difference between +.BR \-U " and " \-f +is that the former doesn't disable or enable options.) This is especially +useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting +can be noticeably faster. +.TP +.B "\-X, \-\-sort=extension" +Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters +after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first. +.TP +.BI "\-\-block\-size=" size +Print sizes in blocks of +.I size +bytes. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.BI "\-\-color[=" when ] +Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types. +Colors are specified using the LS_COLORS environment variable. +For information on how to set this variable, see +.BR dircolors (1). +.I when +may be omitted, or one of: +.RS +.TP +.B none +Do not use color at all. This is the default. +.TP +.B auto +Only use color if standard output is a terminal. +.TP +.B always +Always use color. Specifying +.B \-\-color +and no +.I when +is equivalent to +.BR "\-\-color=always" . +.RE +.TP +.B "\-\-full\-time" +List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation +heuristics. The format is the same as +.BR date (1)'s +default; it's not possible to change this, but you can extract out the +date string with +.BR cut (1) +and then pass the result to `date \-d'. + +This is most useful because the time output includes the seconds. +(Unix filesystems store file timestamps only to the nearest +second, so this option shows all the information there is.) For +example, this can help when you have a Makefile that is not +regenerating files properly. +.TP +.BI "\-\-quoting\-style=" word +Use style +.I word +to quote output names. The +.I word +should be one of the following: +.RS +.TP +.B literal +Output names as\-is. This is the default behavior of +.BR ls . +.TP +.B shell +Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or +would cause ambiguous output. +.TP +.B "shell\-always" +Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not +require quoting. +.TP +.B c +Quote names as for a C language string; this is the same as the +.B "\-Q" +option. +.TP +.B escape +Quote as with +.I c +except omit the surrounding double\-quote characters; this is the same +as the +.B "\-b" +option. +.PD +.PP +A default value for this option can be specified with the environment +variable QUOTING_STYLE. (See +.B ENVIRONMENT +below.) +.RE +.TP +.B "\-\-show\-control\-chars" +Print nongraphic characters as-is in file names. This is the +default unless the output is a terminal and the program is +.BR ls . +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit. +If it is not set, then the variable TABSIZE determines the +number of chars per tab stop. +The variable COLUMNS (when it contains the representation of a decimal +integer) determines the output column width (for use with the \-C option). +Filenames must not be truncated to make them fit a multi-column output. +.PP +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES and LC_TIME +have the usual meaning. +The variable TZ gives the time zone for time strings written by +.BR ls . +The variable LS_COLORS is used to specify the colors used. +The variable LS_OPTIONS gives default options. +.\" Since which ls version? +.PP +The variable QUOTING_STYLE is used to specify the default value for the +.B "\-\-quoting\-style" +option. It currently defaults to +.BR literal , +though the authors have warned that this default may change to +.B shell +in some future version of +.BR ls . +.SH BUGS +On BSD systems, the +.B "\-s" +option reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are +NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, +.B ls +reports sizes that +are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD +systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX +.B ls +program. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR dircolors (1) +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B ls +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/mkdir.1 b/man1/mkdir.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d696cf35e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/mkdir.1 @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH MKDIR 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +mkdir \- make directories +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "mkdir [" options "] " directory... +.sp +POSIX options: +.BI "[\-p] [\-m " mode "] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.BI "[\-p] [\-m " mode "] [\-\-verbose]" +.BI "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B mkdir +creates directories with the specified names. +.PP +By default, the mode of created directories is 0777 (`a+rwx') +minus the bits set in the umask. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI "\-m " mode ", \-\-mode=" mode +Set the mode of created directories to +.IR mode , +which may be symbolic as in +.BR chmod (1) +and then uses the default mode as the point of departure. +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-parents" +Make any missing parent directories for each +.I directory +argument. The mode +for parent directories is set to the umask modified by `u+wx'. +Ignore arguments corresponding to existing directories. +(Thus, if a directory /a exists, then `mkdir /a' is an error, +but `mkdir \-p /a' is not.) +.TP +.B "\-\-verbose" +Print a message for each created directory. This is most useful +with +.BR "\-\-parents" . +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B mkdir +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/mkfifo.1 b/man1/mkfifo.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c4912d91b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/mkfifo.1 @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH MKFIFO 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +mkfifo \- make FIFOs (named pipes) +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "mkfifo [" options "] " file... +.sp +POSIX options: +.BI "[\-m " mode "] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.BI "[\-m " mode "] [\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B mkfifo +creates FIFOs (also called "named pipes") with the +specified filenames. +.PP +A "FIFO" is a special file type that permits independent processes +to communicate. One process opens the FIFO file for writing, and +another for reading, after which data can flow as with the usual +anonymous pipe in shells or elsewhere. +.PP +By default, the mode of created FIFOs is 0666 (`a+rw') minus the bits set +in the umask. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI "\-m " mode ", \-\-mode=" mode +Set the mode of created FIFOs to +.IR mode , +which can be symbolic as in +.BR chmod (1) +and uses the default mode as the point of departure. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B mkfifo +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/mknod.1 b/man1/mknod.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a98fb7c2e --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/mknod.1 @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH MKNOD 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +mknod \- make block or character special files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "mknod [" options "] " name " {bc} " "major minor" +.br +.BI "mknod [" options "] " name " p" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.BI "[\-m " mode "] [\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B mknod +creates a FIFO (named pipe), character special file, or block special +file with the specified +.IR name . +.PP +A special file is a triple (boolean, integer, integer) +stored in the filesystem. +The boolean chooses between character special file and +block special file. The two integers are the major and minor +device number. +.PP +Thus, a special file takes almost no place on disk, and is used +only for communication with the operating system, not for data +storage. Often special files refer to hardware devices (disk, tape, tty, +printer) or to operating system services (/dev/null, /dev/random). +.PP +Block special files usually are disk-like devices +(where data can be accessed given a block number, +and e.g. it is meaningful to have a block cache). +All other devices are character special files. +(Long ago the distinction was a different one: I/O to +a character special file would be unbuffered, to a block +special file buffered.) +.PP +The +.B mknod +command is what creates files of this type. +.PP +The argument following +.I name +specifies the type of file to make: +.RS +.TP +.B p +for a FIFO +.TP +.B b +for a block (buffered) special file +.TP +.B c +for a character (unbuffered) special file +.RE +.PP +The GNU version of +.B mknod +allows +.B u +(`unbuffered') as a synonym for +.BR c . +.PP +When making a block or character special file, the major and minor +device numbers must be given after the file type (in decimal, or +in octal with leading 0; the GNU version also allows hexadecimal +with leading 0x). +By default, the mode of created files is 0666 (`a+rw') minus the bits +set in the umask. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI "\-m " mode ", \-\-mode=" mode +Set the mode of created files to +.IR mode , +which can be symbolic as in +.BR chmod (1) +and then uses the default mode as the point of departure. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX does not describe this command as it is nonportable, +and recommends using +.BR mkfifo (1) +to make FIFOs. +SVID has a command +.I /etc/mknod +with the above syntax, but without the mode option. +.SH NOTES +On a Linux system (version 1.3.22 or newer) the file +.I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.tex +contains a list of devices with device name, type, major and minor number. +.LP +The present page describes +.B mknod +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR chmod (1), +.BR mkfifo (1), +.BR mknod (2) diff --git a/man1/mv.1 b/man1/mv.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dd812a8015 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/mv.1 @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH MV 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +mv \- move (rename) files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "mv [" "option..." "] " "source target" +.br +.BI "mv [" "option..." "] " "source... target" +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-fi] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.BI "[\-bfiuv] [\-S " suffix "] [\-V {numbered,existing,simple}] " +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B mv +moves or renames files or directories. +.PP +If the last argument names an existing directory, +.B mv +moves each other given file into a file with the same name in that +directory. Otherwise, if only two files are given, it renames the +first as the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a +directory and more than two files are given. +.PP +Thus, `mv /a/x/y /b' will rename the file /a/x/y into /b/y if /b +was an existing directory, and into /b otherwise. +.PP +Let us call the file a given file is going to be moved into its +.IR destination . +If +.I destination +exists, and either the \-i option is given, or +.I destination +is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the +.B "\-f" +option is not given, +.B mv +prompts the user for whether to replace the file, writing a question +to stderr and reading an answer from stdin. If the response +is not affirmative, the file is skipped. +.PP +When both +.I source +and +.I destination +are on the same filesystem, they are the same file (just the name is +changed; owner, mode, timestamps remain unchanged). +When they are on different filesystems, the source file is copied +and then deleted. +.B mv +will copy modification time, access time, user and group ID, and mode +if possible. When copying user and/or group ID fails, the setuid and +setgid bits are cleared in the copy. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-f" +Do not prompt for confirmation. +.TP +.B "\-i" +Prompt for confirmation when +.I destination +exists. +(In case both \-f and \-i are given, the last one given takes effect.) +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +The GNU implementation (in fileutils-3.16) is broken in the sense that +.B mv +can move only regular files across filesystems. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-force" +Remove existing destination files and never prompt the user. +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-interactive" +Prompt whether to overwrite existing regular destination files. +If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. +.TP +.B "\-u, \-\-update" +Do not move a nondirectory that has an existing destination with +the same or newer modification time. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Print the name of each file before moving it. +.SH "GNU BACKUP OPTIONS" +The GNU versions of programs like +.BR cp , +.BR mv , +.BR ln , +.B install +and +.B patch +will make a backup of files about to be overwritten, changed or destroyed +if that is desired. That backup files are desired is indicated by +the \-b option. How they should be named is specified by the \-V option. +In case the name of the backup file is given by the name of the file +extended by a suffix, this suffix is specified by the \-S option. +.TP +.B "\-b, \-\-backup" +Make backups of files that are about to be overwritten or removed. +.TP +.BI "\-S " SUFFIX ", \-\-suffix=" SUFFIX +Append +.I SUFFIX +to each backup file made. +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +environment variable is used. And if +.B SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +is not set, the default is `~'. +.TP +.BI "\-V " METHOD ", \-\-version\-control=" METHOD +.RS +Specify how backup files are named. The +.I METHOD +argument can be `numbered' (or `t'), `existing' (or `nil'), or `never' (or +`simple'). +If this option is not specified, the value of the +.B VERSION_CONTROL +environment variable is used. And if +.B VERSION_CONTROL +is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. +.PP +This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'. +The valid +.IR METHOD s +are (unique abbreviations are accepted): +.TP +.BR t ", " numbered +Always make numbered backups. +.TP +.BR nil ", " existing +Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple +backups of the others. +.TP +.BR never ", " simple +Always make simple backups. +.RE +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. For the GNU version, the variables SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX +and VERSION_CONTROL control backup file naming, as described above. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2, except that directory hierarchies cannot be moved +across filesystems. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B mv +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/rm.1 b/man1/rm.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93235ce5e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/rm.1 @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH RM 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +rm \- remove files or directories +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "rm [" options "] " file... +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-fiRr] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-dfirvR] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B rm +removes each given +.IR file . +By default, it does not remove directories. +But when the \-r or \-R option is given, the entire directory tree +below the specified directory is removed (and there are no limitations +on the depth of directory trees that can be removed by `rm \-r'). +It is an error when the last path component of +.I file +is either . or .. +(so as to avoid unpleasant surprises with `rm \-r .*' or so). +.PP +If the \-i option is given, or +if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the +.B "\-f" +option is not given, +.B rm +prompts the user for whether to remove the file, writing a question +to stderr and reading an answer from stdin. If the response +is not affirmative, the file is skipped. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-f" +Do not prompt for confirmation. Do not write diagnostic messages. +Do not produce an error return status if the only errors were +nonexisting files. +.TP +.B "\-i" +Prompt for confirmation. +(In case both \-f and \-i are given, the last one given takes effect.) +.TP +.BR "\-r" " or " "\-R" +Recursively remove directory trees. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "SVID DETAILS" +The System V Interface Definition forbids removal of the +last link to an executable binary file that is being executed. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +The GNU implementation (in fileutils-3.16) is broken in the sense +that there is an upper limit to the depth of hierarchies that can be +removed. (If necessary, a utility `deltree' can be used to remove +very deep trees.) +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-d, \-\-directory" +Remove directories with +.BR unlink (2) +instead of +.BR rmdir (2), +and don't +require a directory to be empty before trying to unlink it. Only +works if you have appropriate privileges. Because unlinking a +directory causes any files in the deleted directory to become +unreferenced, it is wise to +.BR fsck (8) +the filesystem after doing this. +.TP +.B "\-f, \-\-force" +Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. +.TP +.B "\-i, \-\-interactive" +Prompt whether to remove each file. If the response is not affirmative, +the file is skipped. +.TP +.B "\-r, \-R, \-\-recursive" +Remove the contents of directories recursively. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Print the name of each file before removing it. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2, except for the limitation on file hierarchy depth. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B rm +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. +.LP +Sometimes one wishes to recover deleted files. +It helps to have backups. It helps to use a trash directory, +so that removed files are only moved to the trash. But actually +removed files, although gone in principle, can sometimes be recovered. +For details for the ext2 filesystem, see the Ext2fs-Undeletion mini-Howto. diff --git a/man1/rmdir.1 b/man1/rmdir.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4a9310aa1 --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/rmdir.1 @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH RMDIR 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +rmdir \- remove empty directories +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "rmdir [" options "] " directory... +.sp +POSIX options: +.B "[\-p] [\-\-]" +.sp +GNU options (shortest form): +.B [\-p] +.B [\-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty] +.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B rmdir +removes empty directories. +.PP +If any +.I directory +argument does not refer to an existing empty directory, it is an error. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-p" +If +.I directory +includes more than one pathname component, remove it, then strip +the last component and remove the resulting directory, etc., until +all components have been removed. Thus, `rmdir \-p a/b/c' is +equivalent to `rmdir a/b/c; rmdir a/b; rmdir a'. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty" +Normally +.B rmdir +will refuse to remove a directory that is not empty. This option +causes +.B rmdir +to ignore the failure to remove a directory, if that failure is due +to the directory being non-empty. +(New in file\%utils-4.0.) +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-parents" +As above. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 +.SH "EXAMPLE OF USE" +The command `\fIrmdir foo\fP' will remove the directory \fIfoo\fP +if it is empty. To remove a nonempty directory, together with everything +below, use `\fIrm -r foo\fP'. +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B rmdir +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/time.1 b/man1/time.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7a537beaf --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/time.1 @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, 2000 +.\" +.\" This page is distributed under GPL. +.\" Some fragments of text came from the time-1.7 info file. +.\" Inspired by kromJx@crosswinds.net. +.\" +.TH TIME 1 2000-12-11 "" "" +.SH NAME +time \- time a simple command or give resource usage +.SH SYNOPSIS +.BI "time [" options "] " command " [" arguments... "] " +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B time +command runs the specified program +.I command +with the given arguments. +When +.I command +finishes, +.B time +writes a message to standard output giving timing statistics +about this program run. +These statistics consist of (i) the elapsed real time +between invocation and termination, (ii) the user CPU time +(the sum of the +.I tms_utime +and +.I tms_cutime +values in a +.I "struct tms" +as returned by +.BR times (2)), +and (iii) the system CPU time (the sum of the +.I tms_stime +and +.I tms_cstime +values in a +.I "struct tms" +as returned by +.BR times (2)). +.SH OPTION +.TP +.B \-p +When in the POSIX locale, use the precise traditional format +.br +.in +5 +"real %f\enuser %f\ensys %f\en" +.in -5 +.br +(with numbers in seconds) +where the number of decimals in the output for %f is unspecified +but is sufficient to express the clock tick accuracy, and at least one. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_NUMERIC, +NLSPATH and PATH are used. The last one to search for +.IR command . +The remaining ones for the text and formatting of the output. +.SH "EXIT STATUS" +If +.I command +was invoked, the exit status is that of +.IR command . +Otherwise it is 127 if +.I command +could not be found, 126 if it could be found but could not be invoked, +and some other nonzero value (1-125) if something else went wrong. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR times (2) +.sp 2 +.SH "GNU VERSION" +Below a description of the GNU 1.7 version of +.BR time . +Disregarding the name of the utility, GNU makes it output lots of +useful information, not only about time used, but also on other +resources like memory, I/O and IPC calls (where available). +The output is formatted using a format string that can be specified +using the \-f option or the TIME environment variable. +.LP +The default format string is +.br +.in +3 +%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k +.br +%Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps +.br +.in -3 +.LP +When the \-p option is given the (portable) output format +.br +.in +3 +real %e +.br +user %U +.br +sys %S +.br +.in -3 +is used. +.SS "The format string" +The format is interpreted in the usual printf-like way. +Ordinary characters are directly copied, tab, newline +and backslash are escaped using \et, \en and \e\e, +a percent sign is represented by %%, and otherwise % +indicates a conversion. The program +.B time +will always add a trailing newline itself. +The conversions follow. All of those used by +.BR tcsh (1) +are supported. +.LP +.B "Time" +.TP +.B %E +Elapsed real time (in [hours:]minutes:seconds). +.TP +.B %e +(Not in tcsh.) Elapsed real time (in seconds). +.TP +.B %S +Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in kernel mode. +.TP +.B %U +Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in user mode. +.TP +.B %P +Percentage of the CPU that this job got, computed as (%U + %S) / %E. +.LP +.B "Memory" +.TP +.B %M +Maximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %t +(Not in tcsh.) Average resident set size of the process, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %K +Average total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, +in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %D +Average size of the process's unshared data area, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %p +(Not in tcsh.) Average size of the process's unshared stack space, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %X +Average size of the process's shared text space, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %Z +(Not in tcsh.) System's page size, in bytes. +This is a per-system constant, but varies between systems. +.TP +.B %F +Number of major page faults that occurred while the process was running. +These are faults where the page has to be read in from disk. +.TP +.B %R +Number of minor, or recoverable, page faults. +These are faults for pages that are not valid but which have +not yet been claimed by other virtual pages. Thus the data +in the page is still valid but the system tables must be updated. +.TP +.B %W +Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory. +.TP +.B %c +Number of times the process was context-switched involuntarily +(because the time slice expired). +.TP +.B %w +Number of waits: times that the program was context-switched voluntarily, +for instance while waiting for an I/O operation to complete. +.LP +.B "I/O" +.TP +.B %I +Number of file system inputs by the process. +.TP +.B %O +Number of file system outputs by the process. +.TP +.B %r +Number of socket messages received by the process. +.TP +.B %s +Number of socket messages sent by the process. +.TP +.B %k +Number of signals delivered to the process. +.TP +.B %C +(Not in tcsh.) Name and command line arguments of the command being timed. +.TP +.B %x +(Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT +Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified +in the environment variable TIME. +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-portability" +Use the portable output format. +.TP +.BI "\-o " FILE ", \-\-output=" FILE +Do not send the results to stderr, but overwrite the specified file. +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-append" +(Used together with \-o.) Do not overwrite but append. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Give very verbose output about all the program knows about. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-V, \-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH BUGS +Not all resources are measured by all versions of Unix, +so some of the values might be reported as zero. +The present selection was mostly inspired by the data +provided by 4.2 or 4.3BSD. +.LP +GNU time version 1.7 is not yet localized. +Thus, it does not implement the POSIX requirements. +.LP +The environment variable TIME was badly chosen. +It is not unusual for systems like autoconf or make +to use environment variables with the name of a utility to override +the utility to be used. Uses like MORE or TIME for options to programs +(instead of program path names) tend to lead to difficulties. +.LP +It seems unfortunate that \-o overwrites instead of appends. +(That is, the \-a option should be the default.) +.LP +Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU +.B time +to +.br +.I bug-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu +.br +Please include the version of +.B time , +which you can get by running +.br +.I time --version +.br +and the operating system +and C compiler you used. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR tcsh (1), +.BR times (2), +.BR wait3 (2) +.SH AUTHORS +.TP +.IP "David Keppel" +Original version +.IP "David MacKenzie" +POSIXization, autoconfiscation, GNU getoptization, +documentation, other bug fixes and improvements. +.IP "Arne Henrik Juul" +Helped with portability +.IP "Francois Pinard" +Helped with portability diff --git a/man1/touch.1 b/man1/touch.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0b0304654a --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/touch.1 @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998. +.\" +.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described +.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998 +.\" that should have been distributed together with this file. +.\" +.TH TOUCH 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0" +.SH NAME +touch \- change file timestamps +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B touch +.BI "[\-acm][\-r " ref_file "|\-t " time "] [\-\-] " file... +.sp +Obsolescent version: +.br +.B touch +.BI "[\-acm][" ugly_time "] " file... +.sp +GNU version: +.br +.B touch +.BI "[\-acfm] [\-r " file "] [\-t " decimtime ] +.BI "[\-d " time "] [\-\-time={atime,access,use,mtime,modify}]" +.BI "[\-\-date=" time "] [\-\-reference=" file ] +.BI "[\-\-no\-create] [\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-] " file... +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B touch +changes the access and/or modification timestamps of each +specified +.IR file . +These timestamps are changed to the current time, unless +the \-r option is specified, in which case they are changed +to the corresponding timestamps of the file +.IR ref_file , +or the \-t option is specified, in which case they are changed +to the specified +.IR time . +Both times are changed when neither or both of the \-a and \-m +options are given. Only the access or only the modification time +is changed when one of the options \-a and \-m is given. +If the file did not exist yet, it is created (as an empty file +with mode 0666, modified by the umask), unless the \-c option is given. +.SH "POSIX OPTIONS" +.TP +.B \-a +Change the access time of +.IR file . +.TP +.B \-c +Do not create +.IR file . +.TP +.B \-m +Change the modification time of +.IR file . +.TP +.BI "\-r " ref_file +Use the corresponding timestamp of +.I ref_file +as the new value for the changed timestamp(s). +.TP +.BI "\-t " time +Use the specified time as the new value for the changed timestamp(s). +The argument is a decimal number of the form +.br +.nf + [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.SS] +.br +.fi +with the obvious meaning. If CC is not specified, the year CCYY +is taken to be in the range 1969-2068. +If SS is not specified, it is taken to be 0. It may be specified +in the range 0-61 so that it is possible to refer to leap seconds. +The resulting time is taken as a time for the time zone specified by +the environment variable TZ. It is an error if the resulting time +precedes 1 January 1970. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH "POSIX DETAILS" +The second form of invocation has the disadvantage that there is +some ambiguity as to whether +.I ugly_time +is a time or a file argument. It is taken to be a time when +no \-r or \-t option is present, there are at least two arguments, +and the first argument is an eight- or ten-digit decimal integer. +The format of +.I ugly_time +is MMDDhhmm[yy], where an yy in the range 69-99 denotes a year +in the range 1969-1999, and an unspecified yy denotes the current year. +This form is obsolete. +.SH "GNU DETAILS" +If the first +.I file +would be a valid argument to the +.B "\-t" +option and no timestamp is given with any of the +.BR "\-d" , +.BR "\-r" +or +.B "\-t" +options and the `\-\-' argument is not given, that argument is +interpreted as the time for the other files instead of as a file name. +.PP +If changing both the access and modification times to the current +time, +.B touch +can change the timestamps for files that the user running it does +not own but has write permission for. Otherwise, the user must +own the files. +.SH "GNU OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-time=atime, \-\-time=access, \-\-time=use" +Change the access time only. +.TP +.B "\-c, \-\-no\-create" +Do not create files that do not exist. +.TP +.BI "\-d, \-\-date=" time +Use +.I time +instead of the current time. It can contain month names, +time zones, `am' and `pm', etc. +.TP +.B "\-f" +Ignored; for compatibility with BSD versions of +.BR touch (1). +.TP +.B "\-m, \-\-time=mtime, \-\-time=modify" +Change the modification time only. +.TP +.BI "\-r " file ", \-\-reference=" file +Use the times of the reference +.I file +instead of the current time. +.TP +.BI "\-t " decimtime +Here +.I decimtime +has the format MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss] +Use the argument (months, days, hours, minutes, optional century +and years, optional seconds) instead of the current time. +Note that this format violates the POSIX specification. +.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS" +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variable TZ is used to interpret explicitly given times. +The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES have the +usual meaning. +.SH "CONFORMING TO" +POSIX 1003.2 describes a syntax for the argument of the \-t option +that differs from that used by the GNU implementation. +.SH "EXAMPLE OF USE" +The command `\fItouch foo\fP' will create the file \fIfoo\fP +if it didn't exist, and change the time of last modification to now. +It is often used to guide the actions of +.BR make . +.SH NOTES +This page describes +.B touch +as found in the fileutils-4.0 package; +other versions may differ slightly. diff --git a/man1/vdir.1 b/man1/vdir.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a85b838f9a --- /dev/null +++ b/man1/vdir.1 @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +.so man1/ls.1 |