diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man3')
71 files changed, 232 insertions, 232 deletions
diff --git a/man3/adjtime.3 b/man3/adjtime.3 index a7698bed06..89918faa76 100644 --- a/man3/adjtime.3 +++ b/man3/adjtime.3 @@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ The amount of time by which the clock is to be adjusted is specified in the structure pointed to by .IR delta . This structure has the following form: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct timeval { time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */ suseconds_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */ diff --git a/man3/backtrace.3 b/man3/backtrace.3 index dbdb2612b6..f96edb7c1f 100644 --- a/man3/backtrace.3 +++ b/man3/backtrace.3 @@ -187,9 +187,9 @@ and .BR backtrace_symbols (). The following shell session shows what we might see when running the program: -.nf +.PP .in +4n - +.EX .RB "$" " cc \-rdynamic prog.c \-o prog" .RB "$" " ./prog 3" backtrace() returned 8 addresses @@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ backtrace() returned 8 addresses \&./prog(main+0x65) [0x80488fb] \&/lib/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xdc) [0xb7e38f9c] \&./prog [0x8048711] -.in .fi +.in .SS Program source \& .EX diff --git a/man3/bswap.3 b/man3/bswap.3 index af6d886750..ae06eb4304 100644 --- a/man3/bswap.3 +++ b/man3/bswap.3 @@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ The program below swaps the bytes of the 8-byte integer supplied as its command-line argument. The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf $ \fB./a.out 0x0123456789abcdef\fP 0x123456789abcdef ==> 0xefcdab8967452301 -.in .fi +.in .SS Program source \& .EX diff --git a/man3/btree.3 b/man3/btree.3 index 8e9c7fb31e..8984f8b706 100644 --- a/man3/btree.3 +++ b/man3/btree.3 @@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ The btree access-method-specific data structure provided to is defined in the .I <db.h> include file as follows: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct { unsigned long flags; unsigned int cachesize; diff --git a/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 b/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 index 4ac7c5363e..cc77f3c6c7 100644 --- a/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 +++ b/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 @@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ and then uses .BR clock_gettime (2) to obtain the time on that clock. An example run is the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out 1" " # Show CPU clock of init process" CPU-time clock for PID 1 is 2.213466748 seconds .fi diff --git a/man3/confstr.3 b/man3/confstr.3 index 9178e59b50..797dfcb03d 100644 --- a/man3/confstr.3 +++ b/man3/confstr.3 @@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008. The following code fragment determines the path where to find the POSIX.2 system utilities: .br -.nf +.PP .in +4n - +.EX char *pathbuf; size_t n; @@ -155,8 +155,8 @@ pathbuf = malloc(n); if (pathbuf == NULL) abort(); confstr(_CS_PATH, pathbuf, n); -.in .fi +.in .SH SEE ALSO .BR getconf (1), .BR sh (1), diff --git a/man3/dbopen.3 b/man3/dbopen.3 index b583d69ba4..98efbaf38e 100644 --- a/man3/dbopen.3 +++ b/man3/dbopen.3 @@ -453,9 +453,9 @@ and 0 on success. .SS Key/data pairs Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs. Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct { void *data; size_t size; diff --git a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 index d0e88ca39f..8e8fcfe7ba 100644 --- a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 +++ b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 @@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ The field indicates the size of this array. .PP These program headers are structures of the following form: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct { Elf32_Word p_type; /* Segment type */ Elf32_Off p_offset; /* Segment file offset */ @@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ include the following (see .IR <elf.h> for further details): .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf #define PT_LOAD 1 /* Loadable program segment */ #define PT_DYNAMIC 2 /* Dynamic linking information */ #define PT_INTERP 3 /* Program interpreter */ @@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ for further details): #define PT_GNU_STACK 0x6474e551 /* Indicates stack executability */ .\" For PT_GNU_STACK, see http://www.airs.com/blog/archives/518 #define PT_GNU_RELRO 0x6474e552 /* Read-only after relocation */ -.in .fi +.in .SH RETURN VALUE The .BR dl_iterate_phdr () @@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ produced by the program on an x86-64 system. The first shared object for which output is displayed (where the name is an empty string) is the main program. -.nf .in +4n +.nf $ \fB./a.out\fP Name: "" (9 segments) 0: [ 0x400040; memsz: 1f8] flags: 0x5; PT_PHDR @@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ Name: "/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2" (7 segments) 4: [0x7f55716acec4; memsz: 604] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_EH_FRAME 5: [0x7f557168f000; memsz: 0] flags: 0x6; PT_GNU_STACK 6: [0x7f55718afba0; memsz: 460] flags: 0x4; PT_GNU_RELRO -.in .fi +.in .PP .SS Program source \& diff --git a/man3/dlinfo.3 b/man3/dlinfo.3 index e72cb5eab9..0b30dee9dc 100644 --- a/man3/dlinfo.3 +++ b/man3/dlinfo.3 @@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ typedef struct { Dl_serpath dls_serpath[1]; /* Actually longer, 'dls_cnt' elements */ } Dl_serinfo; - -.fi +.EE .in +.IP Each of the .I dls_serpath elements in the above structure is a structure of the following form: diff --git a/man3/duplocale.3 b/man3/duplocale.3 index f23a73b5cb..45d90e2962 100644 --- a/man3/duplocale.3 +++ b/man3/duplocale.3 @@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ The program takes one command-line argument, a string of characters that is converted to uppercase and displayed on standard output. An example of its use is the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out abc\fP ABC .fi diff --git a/man3/encrypt.3 b/man3/encrypt.3 index c7a6a211f1..433102c0a2 100644 --- a/man3/encrypt.3 +++ b/man3/encrypt.3 @@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ and are the reentrant versions. They use the following structure to hold the key data: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct crypt_data { char keysched[16 * 8]; char sb0[32768]; diff --git a/man3/end.3 b/man3/end.3 index 25de6d7fa1..6e578e4d46 100644 --- a/man3/end.3 +++ b/man3/end.3 @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ Use with an argument of zero to find the current value of the program break. .SH EXAMPLE When run, the program below produces output such as the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" First address past: program text (etext) 0x8048568 diff --git a/man3/endian.3 b/man3/endian.3 index 728f0feaf8..054f286e70 100644 --- a/man3/endian.3 +++ b/man3/endian.3 @@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ Since host byte order is either little-endian or big-endian, only one of these conversions will have an effect. When we run this program on a little-endian system such as x86-32, we see the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out\fP x.u32 = 0x44332211 htole32(x.u32) = 0x44332211 diff --git a/man3/err.3 b/man3/err.3 index 5c4ded1527..4e297bfe01 100644 --- a/man3/err.3 +++ b/man3/err.3 @@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ These functions are nonstandard BSD extensions. Display the current .I errno information string and exit: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX p = malloc(size); if (p == NULL) err(1, NULL); @@ -155,18 +155,18 @@ if (fd == \-1) .in .PP Display an error message and exit: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX if (tm.tm_hour < START_TIME) errx(1, "too early, wait until %s", start_time_string); .fi .in .PP Warn of an error: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX fd = open(raw_device, O_RDONLY, 0); if (fd == \-1) warnx("%s: %s: trying the block device", diff --git a/man3/errno.3 b/man3/errno.3 index b0cbaad4a9..95cb55abb7 100644 --- a/man3/errno.3 +++ b/man3/errno.3 @@ -508,16 +508,16 @@ Improper link (POSIX.1). Exchange full. .SH NOTES A common mistake is to do +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX if (somecall() == \-1) { printf("somecall() failed\en"); if (errno == ...) { ... } } - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP where .I errno no longer needs to have the value it had upon return from @@ -527,9 +527,9 @@ no longer needs to have the value it had upon return from If the value of .I errno should be preserved across a library call, it must be saved: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX if (somecall() == \-1) { int errsv = errno; printf("somecall() failed\en"); diff --git a/man3/fmemopen.3 b/man3/fmemopen.3 index e3d06517f2..60fa7eaa51 100644 --- a/man3/fmemopen.3 +++ b/man3/fmemopen.3 @@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ The program scans its input string (taken from the program's first command-line argument) reading integers, and writes the squares of these integers to the output buffer. An example of the output produced by this program is the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq1 23 43\(aq" size=11; ptr=1 529 1849 .fi diff --git a/man3/fopencookie.3 b/man3/fopencookie.3 index 0586dd2091..7cb5bc1ebe 100644 --- a/man3/fopencookie.3 +++ b/man3/fopencookie.3 @@ -104,18 +104,18 @@ The argument is a structure that contains four fields pointing to the programmer-defined hook functions that are used to implement this stream. The structure is defined as follows +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct { cookie_read_function_t *read; cookie_write_function_t *write; cookie_seek_function_t *seek; cookie_close_function_t *close; } cookie_io_functions_t; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP The four fields are as follows: .TP .I cookie_read_function_t *read @@ -265,17 +265,17 @@ The program writes its command-line arguments to the stream, and then seeks through the stream reading two out of every five characters and writing them to standard output. The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out \(aqhello world\(aq" /he/ / w/ /d/ Reached end of file - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP Note that a more general version of the program below could be improved to more robustly handle various error situations (e.g., opening a stream with a cookie that already has an open stream; diff --git a/man3/frexp.3 b/man3/frexp.3 index 050a785bd9..4caf5f03fb 100644 --- a/man3/frexp.3 +++ b/man3/frexp.3 @@ -123,14 +123,14 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89. .SH EXAMPLE The program below produces results such as the following: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf .RB "$" " ./a.out 2560" frexp(2560, &e) = 0.625: 0.625 * 2^12 = 2560 .RB "$" " ./a.out \-4" frexp(\-4, &e) = \-0.5: \-0.5 * 2^3 = \-4 -.in .fi +.in .SS Program source \& .EX diff --git a/man3/fts.3 b/man3/fts.3 index 536ab72d95..77db132c02 100644 --- a/man3/fts.3 +++ b/man3/fts.3 @@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ structure contains fields describing a file. The structure contains at least the following fields (there are additional fields that should be considered private to the implementation): +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct _ftsent { unsigned short fts_info; /* flags for FTSENT structure */ char *fts_accpath; /* access path */ diff --git a/man3/ftw.3 b/man3/ftw.3 index 0d87d0e3b0..eb9c352fd1 100644 --- a/man3/ftw.3 +++ b/man3/ftw.3 @@ -189,16 +189,16 @@ that supplies when calling \fIfn\fP() is a pointer to a structure of type \fIFTW\fP: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct FTW { int base; int level; }; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP .I base is the offset of the filename (i.e., basename component) in the pathname given in diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 index 24ff8863bd..8a88a5a78a 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 @@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ struct addrinfo { char *ai_canonname; struct addrinfo *ai_next; }; -.in .fi +.in .PP The .I hints diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 index 3fa1349f1b..210e474e39 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 @@ -337,9 +337,9 @@ The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel, giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using .BR getaddrinfo (3). The program might be used like this: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out ftp.us.kernel.org enoent.linuxfoundation.org gnu.cz\fP ftp.us.kernel.org: 128.30.2.36 enoent.linuxfoundation.org: Name or service not known @@ -416,9 +416,9 @@ front-end. The notification facility is not demonstrated. .PP An example session might look like this: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out\fP > a ftp.us.kernel.org enoent.linuxfoundation.org gnu.cz > c 2 diff --git a/man3/getcontext.3 b/man3/getcontext.3 index 0a9981a84c..7d1ca56822 100644 --- a/man3/getcontext.3 +++ b/man3/getcontext.3 @@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ typedef struct ucontext_t { mcontext_t uc_mcontext; ... } ucontext_t; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP with .IR sigset_t and diff --git a/man3/getgrouplist.3 b/man3/getgrouplist.3 index 083a585ecb..5bc079c5ba 100644 --- a/man3/getgrouplist.3 +++ b/man3/getgrouplist.3 @@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ The second command-line argument specifies the value to be supplied to .BR getgrouplist (). The following shell session shows examples of the use of this program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out cecilia 0" getgrouplist() returned \-1; ngroups = 3 .RB "$" " ./a.out cecilia 3" diff --git a/man3/getifaddrs.3 b/man3/getifaddrs.3 index d7b03a563f..7f91a1b058 100644 --- a/man3/getifaddrs.3 +++ b/man3/getifaddrs.3 @@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ The program below demonstrates the use of and .BR getnameinfo (3). Here is what we see when running this program on one system: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out\fP lo AF_PACKET (17) tx_packets = 524; rx_packets = 524 diff --git a/man3/getipnodebyname.3 b/man3/getipnodebyname.3 index f6f384497b..b07a7b3895 100644 --- a/man3/getipnodebyname.3 +++ b/man3/getipnodebyname.3 @@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ struct hostent { int h_length; char **h_addr_list; }; -.in .fi +.in .PP These functions replace the .BR gethostbyname (3) diff --git a/man3/getnameinfo.3 b/man3/getnameinfo.3 index 5678cd04ee..66ec1c3d58 100644 --- a/man3/getnameinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getnameinfo.3 @@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ In order to assist the programmer in choosing reasonable sizes for the supplied buffers, .I <netdb.h> defines the constants +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #define NI_MAXHOST 1025 #define NI_MAXSERV 32 .fi diff --git a/man3/getopt.3 b/man3/getopt.3 index c51c2bf8ab..fe05756b21 100644 --- a/man3/getopt.3 +++ b/man3/getopt.3 @@ -457,13 +457,13 @@ with most of its features. #include <stdio.h> /* for printf */ #include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ #include <getopt.h> - +.PP int main(int argc, char **argv) { int c; int digit_optind = 0; - +.PP while (1) { int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1; int option_index = 0; @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) {"file", required_argument, 0, 0 }, {0, 0, 0, 0 } }; - +.PP c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "abc:d:012", long_options, &option_index); if (c == \-1) break; - +.PP switch (c) { case 0: printf("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); @@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) printf(" with arg %s", optarg); printf("\\n"); break; - +.PP case \(aq0\(aq: case \(aq1\(aq: case \(aq2\(aq: @@ -498,38 +498,38 @@ main(int argc, char **argv) digit_optind = this_option_optind; printf("option %c\\n", c); break; - +.PP case \(aqa\(aq: printf("option a\\n"); break; - +.PP case \(aqb\(aq: printf("option b\\n"); break; - +.PP case \(aqc\(aq: printf("option c with value \(aq%s\(aq\\n", optarg); break; - +.PP case \(aqd\(aq: printf("option d with value \(aq%s\(aq\\n", optarg); break; - +.PP case \(aq?\(aq: break; - +.PP default: printf("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\n", c); } } - +.PP if (optind < argc) { printf("non\-option ARGV\-elements: "); while (optind < argc) printf("%s ", argv[optind++]); printf("\\n"); } - +.PP exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getprotoent_r.3 b/man3/getprotoent_r.3 index 47f88b31f2..c1a141c978 100644 --- a/man3/getprotoent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getprotoent_r.3 @@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ fails with the error .BR ERANGE , the program retries with larger buffer sizes. The following shell session shows a couple of sample runs: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out tcp 1" ERANGE! Retrying with larger buffer getprotobyname_r() returned: 0 (success) (buflen=78) diff --git a/man3/getpwent_r.3 b/man3/getpwent_r.3 index baf88a756d..362ece388c 100644 --- a/man3/getpwent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getpwent_r.3 @@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ getpwent_r(struct passwd *pwd, char *buf, int buflen); .PP or, better, .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf int getpwent_r(struct passwd *pwd, char *buf, int buflen, FILE **pw_fp); -.in .fi +.in .SH NOTES The function .BR getpwent_r () diff --git a/man3/getrpcent.3 b/man3/getrpcent.3 index cbd76aaa4a..dbfc70c059 100644 --- a/man3/getrpcent.3 +++ b/man3/getrpcent.3 @@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ and functions each return a pointer to an object with the following structure containing the broken-out fields of an entry in the RPC program number data base. +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct rpcent { char *r_name; /* name of server for this RPC program */ char **r_aliases; /* alias list */ diff --git a/man3/getservent_r.3 b/man3/getservent_r.3 index 6a458435b3..60abeb060d 100644 --- a/man3/getservent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getservent_r.3 @@ -162,9 +162,9 @@ fails with the error .BR ERANGE , the program retries with larger buffer sizes. The following shell session shows a couple of sample runs: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out 7 tcp 1" ERANGE! Retrying with larger buffer getservbyport_r() returned: 0 (success) (buflen=87) diff --git a/man3/getttyent.3 b/man3/getttyent.3 index 548cd948c8..7bcf8c6ca1 100644 --- a/man3/getttyent.3 +++ b/man3/getttyent.3 @@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ If the file is already open, the next entry. The .I ttyent structure has the form: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct ttyent { char *ty_name; /* terminal device name */ char *ty_getty; /* command to execute, usually getty */ diff --git a/man3/getumask.3 b/man3/getumask.3 index f4049e8203..51ed3ee91c 100644 --- a/man3/getumask.3 +++ b/man3/getumask.3 @@ -39,18 +39,18 @@ getumask \- get file creation mask .SH DESCRIPTION This function returns the current file creation mask. It is equivalent to +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX mode_t getumask(void) { mode_t mask = umask( 0 ); umask(mask); return mask; } - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares a lock with the .BR umask (2) diff --git a/man3/glob.3 b/man3/glob.3 index 9513b467b3..3144086ca4 100644 --- a/man3/glob.3 +++ b/man3/glob.3 @@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ ls \-l *.c ../*.c .in .PP in the shell: -.nf +.PP .in +4n - +.EX glob_t globbuf; globbuf.gl_offs = 2; @@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ glob("../*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &globbuf); globbuf.gl_pathv[0] = "ls"; globbuf.gl_pathv[1] = "\-l"; execvp("ls", &globbuf.gl_pathv[0]); -.in .fi +.in .SH SEE ALSO .BR ls (1), .BR sh (1), diff --git a/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 b/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 index af8719015e..74dc8b1a54 100644 --- a/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 +++ b/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 @@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ T} Thread safety MT-Safe These functions are glibc-specific. .SH EXAMPLE When run, the program below will produce output such as the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" GNU libc version: 2.8 GNU libc release: stable diff --git a/man3/hash.3 b/man3/hash.3 index bd5dfbd57b..7a068efc70 100644 --- a/man3/hash.3 +++ b/man3/hash.3 @@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ The access-method-specific data structure provided to is defined in the .I <db.h> include file as follows: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX typedef struct { unsigned int bsize; unsigned int ffactor; diff --git a/man3/hsearch.3 b/man3/hsearch.3 index 7d06d18cdb..878a15c40d 100644 --- a/man3/hsearch.3 +++ b/man3/hsearch.3 @@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ typedef struct entry { char *key; void *data; } ENTRY; -.in .fi +.in .PP The field \fIkey\fP points to a null-terminated string which is the search key. diff --git a/man3/inet.3 b/man3/inet.3 index 947b01db6d..38872709d2 100644 --- a/man3/inet.3 +++ b/man3/inet.3 @@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ and .BR inet_ntoa () is shown below. Here are some example runs: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out 226.000.000.037" " # Last byte is in octal" 226.0.0.31 .RB "$" " ./a.out 0x7f.1 " " # First byte is in hex" diff --git a/man3/inet_pton.3 b/man3/inet_pton.3 index 6dc86cc842..5b13de82ab 100644 --- a/man3/inet_pton.3 +++ b/man3/inet_pton.3 @@ -173,9 +173,9 @@ The program below demonstrates the use of and .BR inet_ntop (3). Here are some example runs: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out i6 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0" :: .RB "$" " ./a.out i6 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:8" diff --git a/man3/insque.3 b/man3/insque.3 index 650dc12565..d8e7d5354f 100644 --- a/man3/insque.3 +++ b/man3/insque.3 @@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ with the forward and backward pointers in each element suitably initialized. The program below demonstrates the use of .BR insque (). Here is an example run of the program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$ " "./a.out -c a b c" Traversing completed list: a diff --git a/man3/isalpha.3 b/man3/isalpha.3 index fbbfa5a68b..7e7d90f92b 100644 --- a/man3/isalpha.3 +++ b/man3/isalpha.3 @@ -326,13 +326,13 @@ it must be cast to .IR "unsigned char" , as in the following example: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf char c; \&... res = toupper((unsigned char) c); -.in .fi +.in .PP This is necessary because .I char diff --git a/man3/makecontext.3 b/man3/makecontext.3 index e2326505c0..3419626465 100644 --- a/man3/makecontext.3 +++ b/man3/makecontext.3 @@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ The example program below demonstrates the use of and .BR swapcontext (). Running the program produces the following output: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" main: swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2) func2: started diff --git a/man3/mallopt.3 b/man3/mallopt.3 index a641cc15e8..025e36096a 100644 --- a/man3/mallopt.3 +++ b/man3/mallopt.3 @@ -522,9 +522,9 @@ and frees it twice (an error). The following shell session shows what happens when we run this program under glibc, with the default value for .BR M_CHECK_ACTION : +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out\fP main(): returned from first free() call *** glibc detected *** ./a.out: double free or corruption (top): 0x09d30008 *** diff --git a/man3/mbstowcs.3 b/man3/mbstowcs.3 index cabd73e980..c889a2b5af 100644 --- a/man3/mbstowcs.3 +++ b/man3/mbstowcs.3 @@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ The program below illustrates the use of .BR mbstowcs (), as well as some of the wide character classification functions. An example run is the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF\-8 Grüße! Length of source string (excluding terminator): 8 bytes diff --git a/man3/mcheck.3 b/man3/mcheck.3 index 3f496df630..bf08d0c6bf 100644 --- a/man3/mcheck.3 +++ b/man3/mcheck.3 @@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ The program below calls with a NULL argument and then frees the same block of memory twice. The following shell session demonstrates what happens when running the program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" About to free diff --git a/man3/memchr.3 b/man3/memchr.3 index b78729342e..1e0e8594d1 100644 --- a/man3/memchr.3 +++ b/man3/memchr.3 @@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ If an instance of is not found, the results are unpredictable. The following call is a fast means of locating a string's terminating null byte: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX char *p = rawmemchr(s,\ \(aq\\0\(aq); .fi .in diff --git a/man3/mq_getattr.3 b/man3/mq_getattr.3 index 783f4ca491..41d92b9a4b 100644 --- a/man3/mq_getattr.3 +++ b/man3/mq_getattr.3 @@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ returns an structure in the buffer pointed by .IR attr . This structure is defined as: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct mq_attr { long mq_flags; /* Flags: 0 or O_NONBLOCK */ long mq_maxmsg; /* Max. # of messages on queue */ diff --git a/man3/mq_open.3 b/man3/mq_open.3 index cf5c34de7f..a296a428b6 100644 --- a/man3/mq_open.3 +++ b/man3/mq_open.3 @@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ specify the maximum number of messages and the maximum size of messages that the queue will allow. This structure is defined as follows: .PP +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct mq_attr { long mq_flags; /* Flags (ignored for mq_open()) */ long mq_maxmsg; /* Max. # of messages on queue */ diff --git a/man3/mtrace.3 b/man3/mtrace.3 index f957c09a9f..b1d3173950 100644 --- a/man3/mtrace.3 +++ b/man3/mtrace.3 @@ -155,15 +155,15 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) calloc(16, 16); /* Never freed\-\-a memory leak */ exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP When we run the program as follows, we see that .BR mtrace () diagnosed memory leaks at two different locations in the program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$ " "cc \-g t_mtrace.c \-o t_mtrace" .RB "$ " "export MALLOC_TRACE=/tmp/t" .RB "$ " "./t_mtrace" diff --git a/man3/newlocale.3 b/man3/newlocale.3 index b369c5b2b8..bb7dc4bfcf 100644 --- a/man3/newlocale.3 +++ b/man3/newlocale.3 @@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ Set the category to .IR fr_FR (French): +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out fr_FR\fP 123456,789 Fri Mar 7 00:25:08 2014 @@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ and the category to .IR it_IT (Italian): +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fB./a.out fr_FR it_IT\fP 123456,789 ven 07 mar 2014 00:26:01 CET @@ -290,9 +290,9 @@ which causes the value to be taken from environment variable settings (which, here, specify .IR mi_NZ , New Zealand Māori): +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ LC_ALL=mi_NZ ./a.out fr_FR "" 123456,789 Te Paraire, te 07 o Poutū-te-rangi, 2014 00:38:44 CET diff --git a/man3/ntp_gettime.3 b/man3/ntp_gettime.3 index 19c8a1cd87..9926d6029e 100644 --- a/man3/ntp_gettime.3 +++ b/man3/ntp_gettime.3 @@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ struct timeval { time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds since the Epoch */ suseconds_t tv_usec; /* Microseconds */ }; - -.fi +.EE .in +.IP .TP .I maxerror Maximum error, in microseconds. diff --git a/man3/offsetof.3 b/man3/offsetof.3 index c706c70ec7..b9a6ffd018 100644 --- a/man3/offsetof.3 +++ b/man3/offsetof.3 @@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89, C99. On a Linux/i386 system, when compiled using the default .BR gcc (1) options, the program below produces the following output: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" offsets: i=0; c=4; d=8 a=16 sizeof(struct s)=16 diff --git a/man3/posix_openpt.3 b/man3/posix_openpt.3 index a6e3a2b6be..5a5dc91190 100644 --- a/man3/posix_openpt.3 +++ b/man3/posix_openpt.3 @@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ is part of the UNIX 98 pseudoterminal support (see Some older UNIX implementations that support System V (aka UNIX 98) pseudoterminals don't have this function, but it is easy to implement: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX int posix_openpt(int flags) { diff --git a/man3/printf.3 b/man3/printf.3 index d2779d6b62..494901bb0c 100644 --- a/man3/printf.3 +++ b/man3/printf.3 @@ -214,21 +214,21 @@ where the decimal integer \fIm\fP denotes the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed starting from 1. Thus, +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX printf("%*d", width, num); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP and +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX printf("%2$*1$d", width, num); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to the same argument. @@ -254,13 +254,13 @@ part of the locale. The POSIX locale uses \(aq.\(aq as radix character, and does not have a grouping character. Thus, +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX printf("%\(aq.2f", 1234567.89); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP results in "1234567.89" in the POSIX locale, in "1234567,89" in the nl_NL locale, and in "1.234.567,89" in the da_DK locale. .SS Flag characters @@ -1077,9 +1077,9 @@ call to write to memory and creating a security hole. To print .I Pi to five decimal places: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\en", 4 * atan(1.0)); @@ -1092,9 +1092,9 @@ where and .I month are pointers to strings: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #include <stdio.h> fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en", weekday, month, day, hour, min); @@ -1104,26 +1104,26 @@ fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\en", Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an internationalized version must be able to print the arguments in an order specified by the format: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #include <stdio.h> fprintf(stdout, format, weekday, month, day, hour, min); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP where .I format depends on locale, and may permute the arguments. With the value: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX "%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\en" - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP one might obtain "Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02". .PP To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it diff --git a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 index c7cad03173..29f610b50f 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 @@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ and .BR pthread_getname_np (). .PP The following shell session shows a sample run of the program: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" Created a thread. Default name is: a.out The thread name after setting it is THREADFOO. diff --git a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 index fec23ca5a6..d137fe2dd9 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 @@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ meaning that threads created using this attributes object should take their scheduling attributes from the thread attributes object. The program then creates a thread using the thread attributes object, and that thread displays its scheduling policy and priority. +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX $ \fBsu\fP # Need privilege to set real-time scheduling policies Password: # \fB./a.out \-mf10 \-ar20 \-i e\fP diff --git a/man3/rpc.3 b/man3/rpc.3 index c423e69e73..2b0fb11a33 100644 --- a/man3/rpc.3 +++ b/man3/rpc.3 @@ -812,9 +812,9 @@ or The procedure .I dispatch has the following form: +.IP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX dispatch(struct svc_req *request, SVCXPRT *xprt); .fi .in diff --git a/man3/scanf.3 b/man3/scanf.3 index b26d107da3..5bbe92bcbb 100644 --- a/man3/scanf.3 +++ b/man3/scanf.3 @@ -736,9 +736,9 @@ or The caller must .BR free (3) the returned string, as in the following example: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX char *p; int n; diff --git a/man3/sched_getcpu.3 b/man3/sched_getcpu.3 index c5e826a1f7..fc2a272634 100644 --- a/man3/sched_getcpu.3 +++ b/man3/sched_getcpu.3 @@ -86,19 +86,19 @@ T} Thread safety MT-Safe is glibc-specific. .SH NOTES The call +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX cpu = sched_getcpu(); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP is equivalent to the following .BR getcpu (2) call: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX int c, s; s = getcpu(&c, NULL, NULL); cpu = (s == \-1) ? s : c; diff --git a/man3/sem_wait.3 b/man3/sem_wait.3 index b3e3140009..d135cab294 100644 --- a/man3/sem_wait.3 +++ b/man3/sem_wait.3 @@ -80,14 +80,14 @@ argument points to a structure that specifies an absolute timeout in seconds and nanoseconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC). This structure is defined as follows: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf struct timespec { time_t tv_sec; /* Seconds */ long tv_nsec; /* Nanoseconds [0 .. 999999999] */ }; -.in .fi +.in .PP If the timeout has already expired by the time of the call, and the semaphore could not be locked immediately, diff --git a/man3/setaliasent.3 b/man3/setaliasent.3 index 8e3091ce77..a0e061e72a 100644 --- a/man3/setaliasent.3 +++ b/man3/setaliasent.3 @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ The .I "struct aliasent" is defined in .IR <aliases.h> : +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct aliasent { char *alias_name; /* alias name */ size_t alias_members_len; @@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ T} Thread safety MT-Unsafe .SH CONFORMING TO These routines are glibc-specific. The NeXT system has similar routines: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #include <aliasdb.h> void alias_setent(void); diff --git a/man3/sigqueue.3 b/man3/sigqueue.3 index 567dd18b30..a7515b343a 100644 --- a/man3/sigqueue.3 +++ b/man3/sigqueue.3 @@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ Inside the glibc wrapper, this argument, .IR uinfo , is initialized as follows: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX uinfo.si_signo = sig; /* Argument supplied to sigqueue() */ uinfo.si_code = SI_QUEUE; uinfo.si_pid = getpid(); /* Process ID of sender */ diff --git a/man3/sigvec.3 b/man3/sigvec.3 index be0a989827..a8ca4d9a97 100644 --- a/man3/sigvec.3 +++ b/man3/sigvec.3 @@ -91,17 +91,17 @@ cannot be changed. The .I sigvec structure has the following form: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX struct sigvec { void (*sv_handler)(int); /* Signal disposition */ int sv_mask; /* Signals to be blocked in handler */ int sv_flags; /* Flags */ }; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP The .I sv_handler field specifies the disposition of the signal, and is either: diff --git a/man3/stdarg.3 b/man3/stdarg.3 index dee35cb280..f95621e63f 100644 --- a/man3/stdarg.3 +++ b/man3/stdarg.3 @@ -176,23 +176,23 @@ An obvious implementation would have a be a pointer to the stack frame of the variadic function. In such a setup (by far the most common) there seems nothing against an assignment +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX va_list aq = ap; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an array of pointers (of length 1), and there one needs +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX va_list aq; *aq = *ap; - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP Finally, on systems where arguments are passed in registers, it may be necessary for .BR va_start () @@ -206,16 +206,16 @@ can free the allocated memory again. To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a macro .BR va_copy (), so that the above assignment can be replaced by +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX va_list aq; va_copy(aq, ap); \&... va_end(aq); - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP Each invocation of .BR va_copy () must be matched by a corresponding invocation of @@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ A backward-compatible version can be found in the include file .IR <varargs.h> . .PP The historic setup is: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX #include <varargs.h> void @@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ foo(va_alist) } va_end(ap); } - -.fi +.EE .in +.PP On some systems, .I va_end contains a closing \(aq}\(aq matching a \(aq{\(aq in diff --git a/man3/strcat.3 b/man3/strcat.3 index 494c348dbd..58f014ba7f 100644 --- a/man3/strcat.3 +++ b/man3/strcat.3 @@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ must be at least A simple implementation of .BR strncat () might be: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX char * strncat(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n) { diff --git a/man3/strcpy.3 b/man3/strcpy.3 index a620575cdb..2f656b1e4a 100644 --- a/man3/strcpy.3 +++ b/man3/strcpy.3 @@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ bytes are written. A simple implementation of .BR strncpy () might be: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX char * strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n) { @@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ If has length .IR buflen , you can force termination using something like the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX strncpy(buf, str, buflen \- 1); if (buflen > 0) buf[buflen \- 1]= \(aq\\0\(aq; diff --git a/man3/strftime.3 b/man3/strftime.3 index a1b90e2f82..d85bd54e13 100644 --- a/man3/strftime.3 +++ b/man3/strftime.3 @@ -569,9 +569,9 @@ to circumvent this problem. A relatively clean one is to add an intermediate function +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX size_t my_strftime(char *s, size_t max, const char *fmt, const struct tm *tm) @@ -606,9 +606,9 @@ The program below can be used to experiment with Some examples of the result string produced by the glibc implementation of .BR strftime () are as follows: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq%m\(aq" Result string is "11" .RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq%5m\(aq" diff --git a/man3/strtol.3 b/man3/strtol.3 index 34d27cd4e2..d27385270b 100644 --- a/man3/strtol.3 +++ b/man3/strtol.3 @@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ BSD also has .EX .BI "quad_t strtoq(const char *" nptr ", char **" endptr ", int " base ); .EX -.in .fi +.in with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the current architecture, this may be equivalent to @@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler interface than .BR strtol ().) Some examples of the results produced by this program are the following: +.PP .in +4n -.nf - +.EX .RB "$" " ./a.out 123" strtol() returned 123 .RB "$" " ./a.out \(aq 123\(aq" diff --git a/man3/toupper.3 b/man3/toupper.3 index 7f241a66da..404b7b8423 100644 --- a/man3/toupper.3 +++ b/man3/toupper.3 @@ -151,13 +151,13 @@ it must be cast to .IR "unsigned char" , as in the following example: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf char c; \&... res = toupper((unsigned char) c); -.in .fi +.in .PP This is necessary because .I char diff --git a/man3/ttyslot.3 b/man3/ttyslot.3 index 61dfd2bc77..deab237f7f 100644 --- a/man3/ttyslot.3 +++ b/man3/ttyslot.3 @@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ Since glibc 2.24, also provides the declaration with the following feature test macro definitions: .PP -.nf .in +4n +.nf (_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED)) && ! (_POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600) -.in .fi +.in .PP Minix also has .IR fttyslot ( fd ). |