diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man3')
121 files changed, 1134 insertions, 1134 deletions
diff --git a/man3/CPU_SET.3 b/man3/CPU_SET.3 index 46acaa88fb..a0461104a3 100644 --- a/man3/CPU_SET.3 +++ b/man3/CPU_SET.3 @@ -306,36 +306,36 @@ used for dynamically allocated CPU sets. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #include <assert.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { cpu_set_t *cpusetp; size_t size, num_cpus; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <num\-cpus>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& num_cpus = atoi(argv[1]); - +\& cpusetp = CPU_ALLOC(num_cpus); if (cpusetp == NULL) { perror("CPU_ALLOC"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(num_cpus); - +\& CPU_ZERO_S(size, cpusetp); for (size_t cpu = 0; cpu < num_cpus; cpu += 2) CPU_SET_S(cpu, size, cpusetp); - +\& printf("CPU_COUNT() of set: %d\en", CPU_COUNT_S(size, cpusetp)); - +\& CPU_FREE(cpusetp); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/MAX.3 b/man3/MAX.3 index eb9710912e..6b9bb58032 100644 --- a/man3/MAX.3 +++ b/man3/MAX.3 @@ -50,22 +50,22 @@ To avoid this, ensure that both arguments have the same type. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/param.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int a, b, x; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <num> <num>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& a = atoi(argv[1]); b = atoi(argv[2]); x = MAX(a, b); printf("MAX(%d, %d) is %d\en", a, b, x); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/_Generic.3 b/man3/_Generic.3 index 378eb338c7..e37f22020e 100644 --- a/man3/_Generic.3 +++ b/man3/_Generic.3 @@ -40,24 +40,24 @@ seamlessly upgrading to the widest available type. #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #define my_imaxabs _Generic(INTMAX_C(0), \e long: labs, \e long long: llabs \e /* long long long: lllabs */ \e ) - +\& int main(void) { off_t a; - +\& a = \-42; printf("imaxabs(%jd) == %jd\en", (intmax_t) a, my_imaxabs(a)); printf("&imaxabs == %p\en", &my_imaxabs); printf("&labs == %p\en", &labs); printf("&llabs == %p\en", &llabs); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/__ppc_get_timebase.3 b/man3/__ppc_get_timebase.3 index ec72041912..d796ca077d 100644 --- a/man3/__ppc_get_timebase.3 +++ b/man3/__ppc_get_timebase.3 @@ -60,36 +60,36 @@ between two calls to #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/platform/ppc.h> - +\& /* Maximum value of the Time Base Register: 2\[ha]60 \- 1. Source: POWER ISA. */ #define MAX_TB 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF - +\& int main(void) { uint64_t tb1, tb2, diff; uint64_t freq; - +\& freq = __ppc_get_timebase_freq(); printf("Time Base frequency = %"PRIu64" Hz\en", freq); - +\& tb1 = __ppc_get_timebase(); - +\& // Do some stuff... - +\& tb2 = __ppc_get_timebase(); - +\& if (tb2 > tb1) { diff = tb2 \- tb1; } else { /* Treat Time Base Register overflow. */ diff = (MAX_TB \- tb2) + tb1; } - +\& printf("Elapsed time = %1.2f usecs\en", (double) diff * 1000000 / freq); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/atexit.3 b/man3/atexit.3 index 32682a337c..9084dababb 100644 --- a/man3/atexit.3 +++ b/man3/atexit.3 @@ -139,28 +139,28 @@ that are called when the shared library is unloaded. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& void bye(void) { printf("That was all, folks\en"); } - +\& int main(void) { long a; int i; - +\& a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX); printf("ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\en", a); - +\& i = atexit(bye); if (i != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "cannot set exit function\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/backtrace.3 b/man3/backtrace.3 index 157fca076f..a0fb7cf34b 100644 --- a/man3/backtrace.3 +++ b/man3/backtrace.3 @@ -221,40 +221,40 @@ backtrace() returned 8 addresses #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define BT_BUF_SIZE 100 - +\& void myfunc3(void) { int nptrs; void *buffer[BT_BUF_SIZE]; char **strings; - +\& nptrs = backtrace(buffer, BT_BUF_SIZE); printf("backtrace() returned %d addresses\en", nptrs); - +\& /* The call backtrace_symbols_fd(buffer, nptrs, STDOUT_FILENO) would produce similar output to the following: */ - +\& strings = backtrace_symbols(buffer, nptrs); if (strings == NULL) { perror("backtrace_symbols"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (size_t j = 0; j < nptrs; j++) printf("%s\en", strings[j]); - +\& free(strings); } - +\& static void /* "static" means don\[aq]t export the symbol... */ myfunc2(void) { myfunc3(); } - +\& void myfunc(int ncalls) { @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ myfunc(int ncalls) else myfunc2(); } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) fprintf(stderr, "%s num\-calls\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& myfunc(atoi(argv[1])); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/basename.3 b/man3/basename.3 index fdbfa16369..87ffde36ee 100644 --- a/man3/basename.3 +++ b/man3/basename.3 @@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ and .EX char *dirc, *basec, *bname, *dname; char *path = "/etc/passwd"; - +\& dirc = strdup(path); basec = strdup(path); dname = dirname(dirc); diff --git a/man3/bsearch.3 b/man3/bsearch.3 index b0760f72bb..ca8991dc59 100644 --- a/man3/bsearch.3 +++ b/man3/bsearch.3 @@ -92,29 +92,29 @@ then retrieves desired elements using #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof((arr)) / sizeof((arr)[0])) - +\& struct mi { int nr; const char *name; }; - +\& static struct mi months[] = { { 1, "jan" }, { 2, "feb" }, { 3, "mar" }, { 4, "apr" }, { 5, "may" }, { 6, "jun" }, { 7, "jul" }, { 8, "aug" }, { 9, "sep" }, {10, "oct" }, {11, "nov" }, {12, "dec" } }; - +\& static int compmi(const void *m1, const void *m2) { const struct mi *mi1 = m1; const struct mi *mi2 = m2; - +\& return strcmp(mi1\->name, mi2\->name); } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) for (size_t i = 1; i < argc; i++) { struct mi key; struct mi *res; - +\& key.name = argv[i]; res = bsearch(&key, months, ARRAY_SIZE(months), sizeof(months[0]), compmi); diff --git a/man3/bswap.3 b/man3/bswap.3 index 41dad78ed2..c142e956bf 100644 --- a/man3/bswap.3 +++ b/man3/bswap.3 @@ -45,20 +45,20 @@ $ \fB./a.out 0x0123456789abcdef\fP #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { uint64_t x; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <num>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& x = strtoull(argv[1], NULL, 0); printf("%#" PRIx64 " ==> %#" PRIx64 "\en", x, bswap_64(x)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/cacos.3 b/man3/cacos.3 index a32826e98f..ba1354c2d8 100644 --- a/man3/cacos.3 +++ b/man3/cacos.3 @@ -59,33 +59,33 @@ C99, POSIX.1-2001. .\" SRC BEGIN (cacos.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lm" */ - +\& #include <complex.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double complex z, c, f; double complex i = I; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <real> <imag>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& z = atof(argv[1]) + atof(argv[2]) * I; - +\& c = cacos(z); - +\& printf("cacos() = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(c), cimag(c)); - +\& f = \-i * clog(z + i * csqrt(1 \- z * z)); - +\& printf("formula = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(f), cimag(f)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/cacosh.3 b/man3/cacosh.3 index 979bad42a4..b9624a4b05 100644 --- a/man3/cacosh.3 +++ b/man3/cacosh.3 @@ -62,30 +62,30 @@ glibc 2.1. .\" SRC BEGIN (cacosh.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lm" */ - +\& #include <complex.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double complex z, c, f; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <real> <imag>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& z = atof(argv[1]) + atof(argv[2]) * I; - +\& c = cacosh(z); printf("cacosh() = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(c), cimag(c)); - +\& f = 2 * clog(csqrt((z + 1)/2) + csqrt((z \- 1)/2)); printf("formula = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(f), cimag(f)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/catan.3 b/man3/catan.3 index 3c0cc84da6..4ba8802260 100644 --- a/man3/catan.3 +++ b/man3/catan.3 @@ -59,31 +59,31 @@ C99, POSIX.1-2001. .\" SRC BEGIN (catan.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lm" */ - +\& #include <complex.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double complex z, c, f; double complex i = I; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <real> <imag>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& z = atof(argv[1]) + atof(argv[2]) * I; - +\& c = catan(z); printf("catan() = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(c), cimag(c)); - +\& f = (clog(1 + i * z) \- clog(1 \- i * z)) / (2 * i); printf("formula = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(f), cimag(f)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/catanh.3 b/man3/catanh.3 index c936cc5e29..b0134546d0 100644 --- a/man3/catanh.3 +++ b/man3/catanh.3 @@ -61,30 +61,30 @@ C99, POSIX.1-2001. .\" SRC BEGIN (catanh.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lm" */ - +\& #include <complex.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double complex z, c, f; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <real> <imag>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& z = atof(argv[1]) + atof(argv[2]) * I; - +\& c = catanh(z); printf("catanh() = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(c), cimag(c)); - +\& f = 0.5 * (clog(1 + z) \- clog(1 \- z)); printf("formula = %6.3f %6.3f*i\en", creal(f), cimag(f)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/circleq.3 b/man3/circleq.3 index d8bf80302a..e9063d76e5 100644 --- a/man3/circleq.3 +++ b/man3/circleq.3 @@ -262,35 +262,35 @@ without interfering with the traversal. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/queue.h> - +\& struct entry { int data; CIRCLEQ_ENTRY(entry) entries; /* Queue */ }; - +\& CIRCLEQ_HEAD(circlehead, entry); - +\& int main(void) { struct entry *n1, *n2, *n3, *np; struct circlehead head; /* Queue head */ int i; - +\& CIRCLEQ_INIT(&head); /* Initialize the queue */ - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the head */ CIRCLEQ_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the tail */ CIRCLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n2 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert after */ CIRCLEQ_INSERT_AFTER(&head, n1, n2, entries); - +\& n3 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert before */ CIRCLEQ_INSERT_BEFORE(&head, n2, n3, entries); - +\& CIRCLEQ_REMOVE(&head, n2, entries); /* Deletion */ free(n2); /* Forward traversal */ @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ main(void) n1 = n2; } CIRCLEQ_INIT(&head); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 b/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 index 4c249b1205..05569614f0 100644 --- a/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 +++ b/man3/clock_getcpuclockid.3 @@ -123,28 +123,28 @@ CPU\-time clock for PID 1 is 2.213466748 seconds #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { clockid_t clockid; struct timespec ts; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "%s <process\-ID>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (clock_getcpuclockid(atoi(argv[1]), &clockid) != 0) { perror("clock_getcpuclockid"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (clock_gettime(clockid, &ts) == \-1) { perror("clock_gettime"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("CPU\-time clock for PID %s is %jd.%09ld seconds\en", argv[1], (intmax_t) ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/cmsg.3 b/man3/cmsg.3 index ee7ba45e0a..c1368b5adb 100644 --- a/man3/cmsg.3 +++ b/man3/cmsg.3 @@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ option in a received ancillary buffer: struct msghdr msgh; struct cmsghdr *cmsg; int received_ttl; - +\& /* Receive auxiliary data in msgh */ - +\& for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh); cmsg != NULL; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msgh, cmsg)) { if (cmsg\->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IP @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msgh); cmsg != NULL; break; } } - +\& if (cmsg == NULL) { /* Error: IP_TTL not enabled or small buffer or I/O error */ } @@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ union { /* Ancillary data buffer, wrapped in a union char buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(myfds))]; struct cmsghdr align; } u; - +\& msg.msg_iov = &io; msg.msg_iovlen = 1; msg.msg_control = u.buf; diff --git a/man3/confstr.3 b/man3/confstr.3 index 20a7781e73..6abcfcd2f6 100644 --- a/man3/confstr.3 +++ b/man3/confstr.3 @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ the POSIX.2 system utilities: .EX char *pathbuf; size_t n; - +\& n = confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0); pathbuf = malloc(n); if (pathbuf == NULL) diff --git a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 index 7e478973fe..554750ca18 100644 --- a/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 +++ b/man3/dl_iterate_phdr.3 @@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ struct dl_phdr_info { ELF program headers for this object */ ElfW(Half) dlpi_phnum; /* # of items in \fIdlpi_phdr\fP */ - +\& /* The following fields were added in glibc 2.4, after the first version of this structure was available. Check the \fIsize\fP argument passed to the dl_iterate_phdr callback to determine whether or not each later member is available. */ - +\& unsigned long long dlpi_adds; /* Incremented when a new object may have been added */ @@ -290,16 +290,16 @@ Name: "/lib64/ld\-linux\-x86\-64.so.2" (7 segments) #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& static int callback(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data) { char *type; int p_type; - +\& printf("Name: \e"%s\e" (%d segments)\en", info\->dlpi_name, info\->dlpi_phnum); - +\& for (size_t j = 0; j < info\->dlpi_phnum; j++) { p_type = info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_type; type = (p_type == PT_LOAD) ? "PT_LOAD" : @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ callback(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data) (p_type == PT_GNU_EH_FRAME) ? "PT_GNU_EH_FRAME" : (p_type == PT_GNU_STACK) ? "PT_GNU_STACK" : (p_type == PT_GNU_RELRO) ? "PT_GNU_RELRO" : NULL; - +\& printf(" %2zu: [%14p; memsz:%7jx] flags: %#jx; ", j, (void *) (info\->dlpi_addr + info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_vaddr), (uintmax_t) info\->dlpi_phdr[j].p_memsz, @@ -322,15 +322,15 @@ callback(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data) else printf("[other (%#x)]\en", p_type); } - +\& return 0; } - +\& int main(void) { dl_iterate_phdr(callback, NULL); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/dladdr.3 b/man3/dladdr.3 index 90b770cb85..e7a25d6872 100644 --- a/man3/dladdr.3 +++ b/man3/dladdr.3 @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ struct link_map { shared object */ struct link_map *l_next, *l_prev; /* Chain of loaded objects */ - +\& /* Plus additional fields private to the implementation */ }; diff --git a/man3/dlinfo.3 b/man3/dlinfo.3 index 5163aeab04..96ef06829d 100644 --- a/man3/dlinfo.3 +++ b/man3/dlinfo.3 @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ struct link_map { shared object */ struct link_map *l_next, *l_prev; /* Chain of loaded objects */ - +\& /* Plus additional fields private to the implementation */ }; @@ -251,62 +251,62 @@ dls_serpath[1].dls_name = /usr/lib64 #include <link.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { void *handle; Dl_serinfo serinfo; Dl_serinfo *sip; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <libpath>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Obtain a handle for shared object specified on command line. */ - +\& handle = dlopen(argv[1], RTLD_NOW); if (handle == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "dlopen() failed: %s\en", dlerror()); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Discover the size of the buffer that we must pass to RTLD_DI_SERINFO. */ - +\& if (dlinfo(handle, RTLD_DI_SERINFOSIZE, &serinfo) == \-1) { fprintf(stderr, "RTLD_DI_SERINFOSIZE failed: %s\en", dlerror()); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Allocate the buffer for use with RTLD_DI_SERINFO. */ - +\& sip = malloc(serinfo.dls_size); if (sip == NULL) { perror("malloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Initialize the \[aq]dls_size\[aq] and \[aq]dls_cnt\[aq] fields in the newly allocated buffer. */ - +\& if (dlinfo(handle, RTLD_DI_SERINFOSIZE, sip) == \-1) { fprintf(stderr, "RTLD_DI_SERINFOSIZE failed: %s\en", dlerror()); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Fetch and print library search list. */ - +\& if (dlinfo(handle, RTLD_DI_SERINFO, sip) == \-1) { fprintf(stderr, "RTLD_DI_SERINFO failed: %s\en", dlerror()); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (size_t j = 0; j < serinfo.dls_cnt; j++) printf("dls_serpath[%zu].dls_name = %s\en", j, sip\->dls_serpath[j].dls_name); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/dlopen.3 b/man3/dlopen.3 index 90c365a65f..a21e6e1b4a 100644 --- a/man3/dlopen.3 +++ b/man3/dlopen.3 @@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ $ \fB./a.out\fP #include <dlfcn.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #include <gnu/lib\-names.h> /* Defines LIBM_SO (which will be a string such as "libm.so.6") */ int @@ -569,27 +569,27 @@ main(void) void *handle; double (*cosine)(double); char *error; - +\& handle = dlopen(LIBM_SO, RTLD_LAZY); if (!handle) { fprintf(stderr, "%s\en", dlerror()); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& dlerror(); /* Clear any existing error */ - +\& cosine = (double (*)(double)) dlsym(handle, "cos"); - +\& /* According to the ISO C standard, casting between function pointers and \[aq]void *\[aq], as done above, produces undefined results. POSIX.1\-2001 and POSIX.1\-2008 accepted this state of affairs and proposed the following workaround: - +\& *(void **) (&cosine) = dlsym(handle, "cos"); - +\& This (clumsy) cast conforms with the ISO C standard and will avoid any compiler warnings. - +\& The 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 to POSIX.1\-2008 improved matters by requiring that conforming implementations support casting \[aq]void *\[aq] to a function pointer. Nevertheless, some compilers @@ -598,13 +598,13 @@ main(void) .\" http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dlsym.html#tag_03_112_08 .\" http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/dlsym.html#tag_16_96_07 .\" http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=74 - +\& error = dlerror(); if (error != NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "%s\en", error); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("%f\en", (*cosine)(2.0)); dlclose(handle); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/duplocale.3 b/man3/duplocale.3 index c8872a0913..2e31268639 100644 --- a/man3/duplocale.3 +++ b/man3/duplocale.3 @@ -122,39 +122,39 @@ ABC #include <locale.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e } while (0) - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { locale_t loc, nloc; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s string\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* This sequence is necessary, because uselocale() might return the value LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE, which can\[aq]t be passed as an argument to toupper_l(). */ - +\& loc = uselocale((locale_t) 0); if (loc == (locale_t) 0) errExit("uselocale"); - +\& nloc = duplocale(loc); if (nloc == (locale_t) 0) errExit("duplocale"); - +\& for (char *p = argv[1]; *p; p++) putchar(toupper_l(*p, nloc)); - +\& printf("\en"); - +\& freelocale(nloc); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/encrypt.3 b/man3/encrypt.3 index d0d35e9228..9f7ea96276 100644 --- a/man3/encrypt.3 +++ b/man3/encrypt.3 @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ In glibc 2.2, these functions use the DES algorithm. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(void) { @@ -171,11 +171,11 @@ main(void) char orig[9] = "eggplant"; char buf[64]; char txt[9]; - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < 64; i++) { key[i] = rand() & 1; } - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { for (size_t j = 0; j < 8; j++) { buf[i * 8 + j] = orig[i] >> j & 1; @@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ main(void) setkey(key); } printf("Before encrypting: %s\en", orig); - +\& encrypt(buf, 0); for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; j < 8; j++) { @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ main(void) txt[8] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; } printf("After encrypting: %s\en", txt); - +\& encrypt(buf, 1); for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) { for (size_t j = 0, txt[i] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; j < 8; j++) { diff --git a/man3/end.3 b/man3/end.3 index 2b54bf5beb..2ad58d957a 100644 --- a/man3/end.3 +++ b/man3/end.3 @@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ First address past: .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& extern char etext, edata, end; /* The symbols must have some type, or "gcc \-Wall" complains */ - +\& int main(void) { @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ main(void) printf(" program text (etext) %10p\en", &etext); printf(" initialized data (edata) %10p\en", &edata); printf(" uninitialized data (end) %10p\en", &end); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/endian.3 b/man3/endian.3 index 28f8fbee9c..4d85cecd70 100644 --- a/man3/endian.3 +++ b/man3/endian.3 @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ htobe32(x.u32) = 0x11223344 #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { @@ -145,16 +145,16 @@ main(void) uint32_t u32; uint8_t arr[4]; } x; - +\& x.arr[0] = 0x11; /* Lowest\-address byte */ x.arr[1] = 0x22; x.arr[2] = 0x33; x.arr[3] = 0x44; /* Highest\-address byte */ - +\& printf("x.u32 = %#x\en", x.u32); printf("htole32(x.u32) = %#x\en", htole32(x.u32)); printf("htobe32(x.u32) = %#x\en", htobe32(x.u32)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/envz_add.3 b/man3/envz_add.3 index c7a4cf1821..73bcc11ca0 100644 --- a/man3/envz_add.3 +++ b/man3/envz_add.3 @@ -149,16 +149,16 @@ GNU. #include <envz.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]) { char *str; size_t e_len = 0; - +\& for (size_t i = 0; envp[i] != NULL; i++) e_len += strlen(envp[i]) + 1; - +\& str = envz_entry(*envp, e_len, "HOME"); printf("%s\en", str); str = envz_get(*envp, e_len, "HOME"); diff --git a/man3/fmemopen.3 b/man3/fmemopen.3 index c623878bef..a97aa8fa37 100644 --- a/man3/fmemopen.3 +++ b/man3/fmemopen.3 @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ size=11; ptr=1 529 1849 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -315,35 +315,35 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) int v, s; size_t size; char *ptr; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s \[aq]<num>...\[aq]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& in = fmemopen(argv[1], strlen(argv[1]), "r"); if (in == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "fmemopen"); - +\& out = open_memstream(&ptr, &size); if (out == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "open_memstream"); - +\& for (;;) { s = fscanf(in, "%d", &v); if (s <= 0) break; - +\& s = fprintf(out, "%d ", v * v); if (s == \-1) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "fprintf"); } - +\& fclose(in); fclose(out); - +\& printf("size=%zu; ptr=%s\en", size, ptr); - +\& free(ptr); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/fmtmsg.3 b/man3/fmtmsg.3 index 97f74c569c..b2da3085cf 100644 --- a/man3/fmtmsg.3 +++ b/man3/fmtmsg.3 @@ -278,13 +278,13 @@ vpfmt(), lfmt(), and vlfmt()", and will be removed later. #include <fmtmsg.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { long class = MM_PRINT | MM_SOFT | MM_OPSYS | MM_RECOVER; int err; - +\& err = fmtmsg(class, "util\-linux:mount", MM_ERROR, "unknown mount option", "See mount(8).", "util\-linux:mount:017"); diff --git a/man3/fopencookie.3 b/man3/fopencookie.3 index 36616af128..409a3c81a6 100644 --- a/man3/fopencookie.3 +++ b/man3/fopencookie.3 @@ -295,24 +295,24 @@ closing a stream that has already been closed). #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define INIT_BUF_SIZE 4 - +\& struct memfile_cookie { char *buf; /* Dynamically sized buffer for data */ size_t allocated; /* Size of buf */ size_t endpos; /* Number of characters in buf */ off_t offset; /* Current file offset in buf */ }; - +\& ssize_t memfile_write(void *c, const char *buf, size_t size) { char *new_buff; struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c; - +\& /* Buffer too small? Keep doubling size until big enough. */ - +\& while (size + cookie\->offset > cookie\->allocated) { new_buff = realloc(cookie\->buf, cookie\->allocated * 2); if (new_buff == NULL) @@ -320,42 +320,42 @@ memfile_write(void *c, const char *buf, size_t size) cookie\->allocated *= 2; cookie\->buf = new_buff; } - +\& memcpy(cookie\->buf + cookie\->offset, buf, size); - +\& cookie\->offset += size; if (cookie\->offset > cookie\->endpos) cookie\->endpos = cookie\->offset; - +\& return size; } - +\& ssize_t memfile_read(void *c, char *buf, size_t size) { ssize_t xbytes; struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c; - +\& /* Fetch minimum of bytes requested and bytes available. */ - +\& xbytes = size; if (cookie\->offset + size > cookie\->endpos) xbytes = cookie\->endpos \- cookie\->offset; if (xbytes < 0) /* offset may be past endpos */ xbytes = 0; - +\& memcpy(buf, cookie\->buf + cookie\->offset, xbytes); - +\& cookie\->offset += xbytes; return xbytes; } - +\& int memfile_seek(void *c, off64_t *offset, int whence) { off64_t new_offset; struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c; - +\& if (whence == SEEK_SET) new_offset = *offset; else if (whence == SEEK_END) @@ -364,27 +364,27 @@ memfile_seek(void *c, off64_t *offset, int whence) new_offset = cookie\->offset + *offset; else return \-1; - +\& if (new_offset < 0) return \-1; - +\& cookie\->offset = new_offset; *offset = new_offset; return 0; } - +\& int memfile_close(void *c) { struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c; - +\& free(cookie\->buf); cookie\->allocated = 0; cookie\->buf = NULL; - +\& return 0; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -398,35 +398,35 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct memfile_cookie mycookie; size_t nread; char buf[1000]; - +\& /* Set up the cookie before calling fopencookie(). */ - +\& mycookie.buf = malloc(INIT_BUF_SIZE); if (mycookie.buf == NULL) { perror("malloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& mycookie.allocated = INIT_BUF_SIZE; mycookie.offset = 0; mycookie.endpos = 0; - +\& stream = fopencookie(&mycookie, "w+", memfile_func); if (stream == NULL) { perror("fopencookie"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Write command\-line arguments to our file. */ - +\& for (size_t j = 1; j < argc; j++) if (fputs(argv[j], stream) == EOF) { perror("fputs"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Read two bytes out of every five, until EOF. */ - +\& for (long p = 0; ; p += 5) { if (fseek(stream, p, SEEK_SET) == \-1) { perror("fseek"); @@ -441,12 +441,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("Reached end of file\en"); break; } - +\& printf("/%.*s/\en", (int) nread, buf); } - +\& free(mycookie.buf); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/fread.3 b/man3/fread.3 index 7f4dac813b..2668fdc57d 100644 --- a/man3/fread.3 +++ b/man3/fread.3 @@ -120,41 +120,41 @@ Class: 0x02 .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof((arr)[0])) - +\& int main(void) { FILE *fp; size_t ret; unsigned char buffer[4]; - +\& fp = fopen("/bin/sh", "rb"); if (!fp) { perror("fopen"); return EXIT_FAILURE; } - +\& ret = fread(buffer, sizeof(*buffer), ARRAY_SIZE(buffer), fp); if (ret != ARRAY_SIZE(buffer)) { fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed: %zu\en", ret); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("ELF magic: %#04x%02x%02x%02x\en", buffer[0], buffer[1], buffer[2], buffer[3]); - +\& ret = fread(buffer, 1, 1, fp); if (ret != 1) { fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed: %zu\en", ret); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("Class: %#04x\en", buffer[0]); - +\& fclose(fp); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/frexp.3 b/man3/frexp.3 index 79aa513428..9576b03069 100644 --- a/man3/frexp.3 +++ b/man3/frexp.3 @@ -124,16 +124,16 @@ frexp(\-4, &e) = \-0.5: \-0.5 * 2\[ha]3 = \-4 #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double x, r; int exp; - +\& x = strtod(argv[1], NULL); r = frexp(x, &exp); - +\& printf("frexp(%g, &e) = %g: %g * %d\[ha]%d = %g\en", x, r, r, FLT_RADIX, exp, x); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/ftw.3 b/man3/ftw.3 index 59931bb3bf..68f1818250 100644 --- a/man3/ftw.3 +++ b/man3/ftw.3 @@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ argument when calling #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& static int display_info(const char *fpath, const struct stat *sb, int tflag, struct FTW *ftwbuf) @@ -464,35 +464,35 @@ display_info(const char *fpath, const struct stat *sb, (tflag == FTW_NS) ? "ns" : (tflag == FTW_SL) ? "sl" : (tflag == FTW_SLN) ? "sln" : "???", ftwbuf\->level); - +\& if (tflag == FTW_NS) printf("\-\-\-\-\-\-\-"); else printf("%7jd", (intmax_t) sb\->st_size); - +\& printf(" %\-40s %d %s\en", fpath, ftwbuf\->base, fpath + ftwbuf\->base); - +\& return 0; /* To tell nftw() to continue */ } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int flags = 0; - +\& if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \[aq]d\[aq]) != NULL) flags |= FTW_DEPTH; if (argc > 2 && strchr(argv[2], \[aq]p\[aq]) != NULL) flags |= FTW_PHYS; - +\& if (nftw((argc < 2) ? "." : argv[1], display_info, 20, flags) == \-1) { perror("nftw"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/get_nprocs.3 b/man3/get_nprocs.3 index 092c6affa8..22d3380d3a 100644 --- a/man3/get_nprocs.3 +++ b/man3/get_nprocs.3 @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ can be used. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/sysinfo.h> - +\& int main(void) { diff --git a/man3/get_phys_pages.3 b/man3/get_phys_pages.3 index 78e79f06fc..8fed569980 100644 --- a/man3/get_phys_pages.3 +++ b/man3/get_phys_pages.3 @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ can be used. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/sysinfo.h> - +\& int main(void) { diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 index 5af0709fc3..8c4de3b169 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo.3 @@ -656,9 +656,9 @@ The programs are an echo server and client for UDP datagrams. #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define BUF_SIZE 500 - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -669,12 +669,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct addrinfo hints; struct addrinfo *result, *rp; struct sockaddr_storage peer_addr; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s port\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */ hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */ @@ -683,48 +683,48 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) hints.ai_canonname = NULL; hints.ai_addr = NULL; hints.ai_next = NULL; - +\& s = getaddrinfo(NULL, argv[1], &hints, &result); if (s != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\en", gai_strerror(s)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures. Try each address until we successfully bind(2). If socket(2) (or bind(2)) fails, we (close the socket and) try the next address. */ - +\& for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp\->ai_next) { sfd = socket(rp\->ai_family, rp\->ai_socktype, rp\->ai_protocol); if (sfd == \-1) continue; - +\& if (bind(sfd, rp\->ai_addr, rp\->ai_addrlen) == 0) break; /* Success */ - +\& close(sfd); } - +\& freeaddrinfo(result); /* No longer needed */ - +\& if (rp == NULL) { /* No address succeeded */ fprintf(stderr, "Could not bind\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Read datagrams and echo them back to sender. */ - +\& for (;;) { char host[NI_MAXHOST], service[NI_MAXSERV]; - +\& peer_addrlen = sizeof(peer_addr); nread = recvfrom(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr, &peer_addrlen); if (nread == \-1) continue; /* Ignore failed request */ - +\& s = getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr, peer_addrlen, host, NI_MAXHOST, service, NI_MAXSERV, NI_NUMERICSERV); @@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) nread, host, service); else fprintf(stderr, "getnameinfo: %s\en", gai_strerror(s)); - +\& if (sendto(sfd, buf, nread, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &peer_addr, peer_addrlen) != nread) { @@ -754,9 +754,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define BUF_SIZE 500 - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -766,77 +766,77 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) ssize_t nread; struct addrinfo hints; struct addrinfo *result, *rp; - +\& if (argc < 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s host port msg...\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Obtain address(es) matching host/port. */ - +\& memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC; /* Allow IPv4 or IPv6 */ hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM; /* Datagram socket */ hints.ai_flags = 0; hints.ai_protocol = 0; /* Any protocol */ - +\& s = getaddrinfo(argv[1], argv[2], &hints, &result); if (s != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s\en", gai_strerror(s)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* getaddrinfo() returns a list of address structures. Try each address until we successfully connect(2). If socket(2) (or connect(2)) fails, we (close the socket and) try the next address. */ - +\& for (rp = result; rp != NULL; rp = rp\->ai_next) { sfd = socket(rp\->ai_family, rp\->ai_socktype, rp\->ai_protocol); if (sfd == \-1) continue; - +\& if (connect(sfd, rp\->ai_addr, rp\->ai_addrlen) != \-1) break; /* Success */ - +\& close(sfd); } - +\& freeaddrinfo(result); /* No longer needed */ - +\& if (rp == NULL) { /* No address succeeded */ fprintf(stderr, "Could not connect\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Send remaining command\-line arguments as separate datagrams, and read responses from server. */ - +\& for (size_t j = 3; j < argc; j++) { len = strlen(argv[j]) + 1; /* +1 for terminating null byte */ - +\& if (len > BUF_SIZE) { fprintf(stderr, "Ignoring long message in argument %zu\en", j); continue; } - +\& if (write(sfd, argv[j], len) != len) { fprintf(stderr, "partial/failed write\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& nread = read(sfd, buf, BUF_SIZE); if (nread == \-1) { perror("read"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("Received %zd bytes: %s\en", nread, buf); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 index 525720812d..cff85e5e2a 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ Here is the program source code #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -349,12 +349,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct gaicb *reqs[argc \- 1]; char host[NI_MAXHOST]; struct addrinfo *res; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s HOST...\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < argc \- 1; i++) { reqs[i] = malloc(sizeof(*reqs[0])); if (reqs[i] == NULL) { @@ -364,20 +364,20 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) memset(reqs[i], 0, sizeof(*reqs[0])); reqs[i]\->ar_name = argv[i + 1]; } - +\& ret = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_WAIT, reqs, argc \- 1, NULL); if (ret != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo_a() failed: %s\en", gai_strerror(ret)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < argc \- 1; i++) { printf("%s: ", reqs[i]\->ar_name); ret = gai_error(reqs[i]); if (ret == 0) { res = reqs[i]\->ar_result; - +\& ret = getnameinfo(res\->ai_addr, res\->ai_addrlen, host, sizeof(host), NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST); @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } puts(host); - +\& } else { puts(gai_strerror(ret)); } @@ -432,25 +432,25 @@ The program source is as follows: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& static struct gaicb **reqs = NULL; static size_t nreqs = 0; - +\& static char * getcmd(void) { static char buf[256]; - +\& fputs("> ", stdout); fflush(stdout); if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL) return NULL; - +\& if (buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] == \[aq]\en\[aq]) buf[strlen(buf) \- 1] = 0; - +\& return buf; } - +\& /* Add requests for specified hostnames. */ static void add_requests(void) @@ -458,17 +458,17 @@ add_requests(void) size_t nreqs_base = nreqs; char *host; int ret; - +\& while ((host = strtok(NULL, " "))) { nreqs++; reqs = realloc(reqs, sizeof(reqs[0]) * nreqs); - +\& reqs[nreqs \- 1] = calloc(1, sizeof(*reqs[0])); reqs[nreqs \- 1]\->ar_name = strdup(host); } - +\& /* Queue nreqs_base..nreqs requests. */ - +\& ret = getaddrinfo_a(GAI_NOWAIT, &reqs[nreqs_base], nreqs \- nreqs_base, NULL); if (ret) { @@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ add_requests(void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& /* Wait until at least one of specified requests completes. */ static void wait_requests(void) @@ -487,37 +487,37 @@ wait_requests(void) size_t n; struct gaicb const **wait_reqs = calloc(nreqs, sizeof(*wait_reqs)); /* NULL elements are ignored by gai_suspend(). */ - +\& while ((id = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL) { n = atoi(id); - +\& if (n >= nreqs) { printf("Bad request number: %s\en", id); return; } - +\& wait_reqs[n] = reqs[n]; } - +\& ret = gai_suspend(wait_reqs, nreqs, NULL); if (ret) { printf("gai_suspend(): %s\en", gai_strerror(ret)); return; } - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < nreqs; i++) { if (wait_reqs[i] == NULL) continue; - +\& ret = gai_error(reqs[i]); if (ret == EAI_INPROGRESS) continue; - +\& printf("[%02zu] %s: %s\en", i, reqs[i]\->ar_name, ret == 0 ? "Finished" : gai_strerror(ret)); } } - +\& /* Cancel specified requests. */ static void cancel_requests(void) @@ -525,21 +525,21 @@ cancel_requests(void) char *id; int ret; size_t n; - +\& while ((id = strtok(NULL, " ")) != NULL) { n = atoi(id); - +\& if (n >= nreqs) { printf("Bad request number: %s\en", id); return; } - +\& ret = gai_cancel(reqs[n]); printf("[%s] %s: %s\en", id, reqs[atoi(id)]\->ar_name, gai_strerror(ret)); } } - +\& /* List all requests. */ static void list_requests(void) @@ -547,14 +547,14 @@ list_requests(void) int ret; char host[NI_MAXHOST]; struct addrinfo *res; - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < nreqs; i++) { printf("[%02zu] %s: ", i, reqs[i]\->ar_name); ret = gai_error(reqs[i]); - +\& if (!ret) { res = reqs[i]\->ar_result; - +\& ret = getnameinfo(res\->ai_addr, res\->ai_addrlen, host, sizeof(host), NULL, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST); @@ -569,16 +569,16 @@ list_requests(void) } } } - +\& int main(void) { char *cmdline; char *cmd; - +\& while ((cmdline = getcmd()) != NULL) { cmd = strtok(cmdline, " "); - +\& if (cmd == NULL) { list_requests(); } else { diff --git a/man3/getdate.3 b/man3/getdate.3 index b841998986..476c9a96f6 100644 --- a/man3/getdate.3 +++ b/man3/getdate.3 @@ -278,21 +278,21 @@ Call 3 ("12:22:33") succeeded: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct tm *tmp; - +\& for (size_t j = 1; j < argc; j++) { tmp = getdate(argv[j]); - +\& if (tmp == NULL) { printf("Call %zu failed; getdate_err = %d\en", j, getdate_err); continue; } - +\& printf("Call %zu (\e"%s\e") succeeded:\en", j, argv[j]); printf(" tm_sec = %d\en", tmp\->tm_sec); printf(" tm_min = %d\en", tmp\->tm_min); @@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf(" tm_yday = %d\en", tmp\->tm_yday); printf(" tm_isdst = %d\en", tmp\->tm_isdst); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getgrent_r.3 b/man3/getgrent_r.3 index 3fef0f3991..c1bb2a5af8 100644 --- a/man3/getgrent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getgrent_r.3 @@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ in the stream with all other threads. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define BUFLEN 4096 - +\& int main(void) { @@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ main(void) struct group *grpp; char buf[BUFLEN]; int i; - +\& setgrent(); while (1) { i = getgrent_r(&grp, buf, sizeof(buf), &grpp); diff --git a/man3/getgrouplist.3 b/man3/getgrouplist.3 index 470a001c8a..14cab0f79d 100644 --- a/man3/getgrouplist.3 +++ b/man3/getgrouplist.3 @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ ngroups = 3 #include <pwd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -149,38 +149,38 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct passwd *pw; struct group *gr; gid_t *groups; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <user> <ngroups>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& ngroups = atoi(argv[2]); - +\& groups = malloc(sizeof(*groups) * ngroups); if (groups == NULL) { perror("malloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Fetch passwd structure (contains first group ID for user). */ - +\& pw = getpwnam(argv[1]); if (pw == NULL) { perror("getpwnam"); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } - +\& /* Retrieve group list. */ - +\& if (getgrouplist(argv[1], pw\->pw_gid, groups, &ngroups) == \-1) { fprintf(stderr, "getgrouplist() returned \-1; ngroups = %d\en", ngroups); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Display list of retrieved groups, along with group names. */ - +\& fprintf(stderr, "ngroups = %d\en", ngroups); for (size_t j = 0; j < ngroups; j++) { printf("%d", groups[j]); @@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf(" (%s)", gr\->gr_name); printf("\en"); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getifaddrs.3 b/man3/getifaddrs.3 index d7ffe52618..b6c9421c82 100644 --- a/man3/getifaddrs.3 +++ b/man3/getifaddrs.3 @@ -247,40 +247,40 @@ wlp3s0 AF_INET6 (10) #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <linux/if_link.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct ifaddrs *ifaddr; int family, s; char host[NI_MAXHOST]; - +\& if (getifaddrs(&ifaddr) == \-1) { perror("getifaddrs"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Walk through linked list, maintaining head pointer so we can free list later. */ - +\& for (struct ifaddrs *ifa = ifaddr; ifa != NULL; ifa = ifa\->ifa_next) { if (ifa\->ifa_addr == NULL) continue; - +\& family = ifa\->ifa_addr\->sa_family; - +\& /* Display interface name and family (including symbolic form of the latter for the common families). */ - +\& printf("%\-8s %s (%d)\en", ifa\->ifa_name, (family == AF_PACKET) ? "AF_PACKET" : (family == AF_INET) ? "AF_INET" : (family == AF_INET6) ? "AF_INET6" : "???", family); - +\& /* For an AF_INET* interface address, display the address. */ - +\& if (family == AF_INET || family == AF_INET6) { s = getnameinfo(ifa\->ifa_addr, (family == AF_INET) ? sizeof(struct sockaddr_in) : @@ -291,19 +291,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("getnameinfo() failed: %s\en", gai_strerror(s)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("\et\etaddress: <%s>\en", host); - +\& } else if (family == AF_PACKET && ifa\->ifa_data != NULL) { struct rtnl_link_stats *stats = ifa\->ifa_data; - +\& printf("\et\ettx_packets = %10u; rx_packets = %10u\en" "\et\ettx_bytes = %10u; rx_bytes = %10u\en", stats\->tx_packets, stats\->rx_packets, stats\->tx_bytes, stats\->rx_bytes); } } - +\& freeifaddrs(ifaddr); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/getline.3 b/man3/getline.3 index b3e6ca4fe8..b7835bedf0 100644 --- a/man3/getline.3 +++ b/man3/getline.3 @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ GNU, POSIX.1-2008. #define _GNU_SOURCE #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -154,23 +154,23 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char *line = NULL; size_t len = 0; ssize_t nread; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <file>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& stream = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if (stream == NULL) { perror("fopen"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& while ((nread = getline(&line, &len, stream)) != \-1) { printf("Retrieved line of length %zd:\en", nread); fwrite(line, nread, 1, stdout); } - +\& free(line); fclose(stream); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/getnameinfo.3 b/man3/getnameinfo.3 index 6e4331884e..72844cfe67 100644 --- a/man3/getnameinfo.3 +++ b/man3/getnameinfo.3 @@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ a particular address family. struct sockaddr *addr; /* input */ socklen_t addrlen; /* input */ char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST], sbuf[NI_MAXSERV]; - +\& if (getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), sbuf, sizeof(sbuf), NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV) == 0) printf("host=%s, serv=%s\en", hbuf, sbuf); @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ reverse address mapping. struct sockaddr *addr; /* input */ socklen_t addrlen; /* input */ char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST]; - +\& if (getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), NULL, 0, NI_NAMEREQD)) printf("could not resolve hostname"); diff --git a/man3/getopt.3 b/man3/getopt.3 index 45687b06e3..b1c7f2df18 100644 --- a/man3/getopt.3 +++ b/man3/getopt.3 @@ -444,13 +444,13 @@ which expects an associated value. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int flags, opt; int nsecs, tfnd; - +\& nsecs = 0; tfnd = 0; flags = 0; @@ -469,19 +469,19 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& printf("flags=%d; tfnd=%d; nsecs=%d; optind=%d\en", flags, tfnd, nsecs, optind); - +\& if (optind >= argc) { fprintf(stderr, "Expected argument after options\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("name argument = %s\en", argv[optind]); - +\& /* Other code omitted */ - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE @@ -496,13 +496,13 @@ with most of its features. #include <getopt.h> #include <stdio.h> /* for printf */ #include <stdlib.h> /* for exit */ - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int c; int digit_optind = 0; - +\& while (1) { int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1; int option_index = 0; @@ -515,12 +515,12 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) {"file", required_argument, 0, 0 }, {0, 0, 0, 0 } }; - +\& c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "abc:d:012", long_options, &option_index); if (c == \-1) break; - +\& switch (c) { case 0: printf("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf(" with arg %s", optarg); printf("\en"); break; - +\& case \[aq]0\[aq]: case \[aq]1\[aq]: case \[aq]2\[aq]: @@ -537,38 +537,38 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) digit_optind = this_option_optind; printf("option %c\en", c); break; - +\& case \[aq]a\[aq]: printf("option a\en"); break; - +\& case \[aq]b\[aq]: printf("option b\en"); break; - +\& case \[aq]c\[aq]: printf("option c with value \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", optarg); break; - +\& case \[aq]d\[aq]: printf("option d with value \[aq]%s\[aq]\en", optarg); break; - +\& case \[aq]?\[aq]: break; - +\& default: printf("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\en", c); } } - +\& if (optind < argc) { printf("non\-option ARGV\-elements: "); while (optind < argc) printf("%s ", argv[optind++]); printf("\en"); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getprotoent_r.3 b/man3/getprotoent_r.3 index 5bdcdb1b12..0c08368f74 100644 --- a/man3/getprotoent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getprotoent_r.3 @@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ Call failed/record not found #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& #define MAX_BUF 10000 - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -186,21 +186,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct protoent result_buf; struct protoent *result; char buf[MAX_BUF]; - +\& if (argc < 2) { printf("Usage: %s proto\-name [buflen]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& buflen = 1024; if (argc > 2) buflen = atoi(argv[2]); - +\& if (buflen > MAX_BUF) { printf("Exceeded buffer limit (%d)\en", MAX_BUF); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& erange_cnt = 0; do { s = getprotobyname_r(argv[1], &result_buf, @@ -209,34 +209,34 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (erange_cnt == 0) printf("ERANGE! Retrying with larger buffer\en"); erange_cnt++; - +\& /* Increment a byte at a time so we can see exactly what size buffer was required. */ - +\& buflen++; - +\& if (buflen > MAX_BUF) { printf("Exceeded buffer limit (%d)\en", MAX_BUF); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } } while (s == ERANGE); - +\& printf("getprotobyname_r() returned: %s (buflen=%d)\en", (s == 0) ? "0 (success)" : (s == ENOENT) ? "ENOENT" : strerror(s), buflen); - +\& if (s != 0 || result == NULL) { printf("Call failed/record not found\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("p_name=%s; p_proto=%d; aliases=", result_buf.p_name, result_buf.p_proto); for (char **p = result_buf.p_aliases; *p != NULL; p++) printf("%s ", *p); printf("\en"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getpwent_r.3 b/man3/getpwent_r.3 index 0e3ed2e271..634cdc4050 100644 --- a/man3/getpwent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getpwent_r.3 @@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ in the stream with all other threads. #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #define BUFLEN 4096 - +\& int main(void) { @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ main(void) struct passwd *pwp; char buf[BUFLEN]; int i; - +\& setpwent(); while (1) { i = getpwent_r(&pw, buf, sizeof(buf), &pwp); diff --git a/man3/getpwnam.3 b/man3/getpwnam.3 index e65a6cd358..3d0c195633 100644 --- a/man3/getpwnam.3 +++ b/man3/getpwnam.3 @@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ supplied as a command-line argument. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -298,22 +298,22 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char *buf; long bufsize; int s; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s username\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& bufsize = sysconf(_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX); if (bufsize == \-1) /* Value was indeterminate */ bufsize = 16384; /* Should be more than enough */ - +\& buf = malloc(bufsize); if (buf == NULL) { perror("malloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& s = getpwnam_r(argv[1], &pwd, buf, bufsize, &result); if (result == NULL) { if (s == 0) @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("Name: %s; UID: %jd\en", pwd.pw_gecos, (intmax_t) pwd.pw_uid); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/getservent_r.3 b/man3/getservent_r.3 index 4c0652ed3f..2620d2b9e4 100644 --- a/man3/getservent_r.3 +++ b/man3/getservent_r.3 @@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ Call failed/record not found #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& #define MAX_BUF 10000 - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -187,25 +187,25 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) struct servent *result; char buf[MAX_BUF]; char *protop; - +\& if (argc < 3) { printf("Usage: %s port\-num proto\-name [buflen]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& port = htons(atoi(argv[1])); protop = (strcmp(argv[2], "null") == 0 || strcmp(argv[2], "NULL") == 0) ? NULL : argv[2]; - +\& buflen = 1024; if (argc > 3) buflen = atoi(argv[3]); - +\& if (buflen > MAX_BUF) { printf("Exceeded buffer limit (%d)\en", MAX_BUF); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& erange_cnt = 0; do { s = getservbyport_r(port, protop, &result_buf, @@ -214,35 +214,35 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (erange_cnt == 0) printf("ERANGE! Retrying with larger buffer\en"); erange_cnt++; - +\& /* Increment a byte at a time so we can see exactly what size buffer was required. */ - +\& buflen++; - +\& if (buflen > MAX_BUF) { printf("Exceeded buffer limit (%d)\en", MAX_BUF); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } } while (s == ERANGE); - +\& printf("getservbyport_r() returned: %s (buflen=%d)\en", (s == 0) ? "0 (success)" : (s == ENOENT) ? "ENOENT" : strerror(s), buflen); - +\& if (s != 0 || result == NULL) { printf("Call failed/record not found\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("s_name=%s; s_proto=%s; s_port=%d; aliases=", result_buf.s_name, result_buf.s_proto, ntohs(result_buf.s_port)); for (char **p = result_buf.s_aliases; *p != NULL; p++) printf("%s ", *p); printf("\en"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getsubopt.3 b/man3/getsubopt.3 index 9aee2321b8..50b3924001 100644 --- a/man3/getsubopt.3 +++ b/man3/getsubopt.3 @@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ The following program expects suboptions following a "\-o" option. #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #include <assert.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -184,27 +184,27 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char *subopts; char *value; int opt; - +\& int readonly = 0; int readwrite = 0; char *name = NULL; int errfnd = 0; - +\& while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "o:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { case \[aq]o\[aq]: subopts = optarg; while (*subopts != \[aq]\e0\[aq] && !errfnd) { - +\& switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) { case RO_OPT: readonly = 1; break; - +\& case RW_OPT: readwrite = 1; break; - +\& case NAME_OPT: if (value == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, @@ -213,10 +213,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) errfnd = 1; continue; } - +\& name = value; break; - +\& default: fprintf(stderr, "No match found for token: /%s/\en", value); @@ -231,21 +231,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) errfnd = 1; } break; - +\& default: errfnd = 1; } } - +\& if (errfnd || argc == 1) { fprintf(stderr, "\enUsage: %s \-o <suboptstring>\en", argv[0]); fprintf(stderr, "suboptions are \[aq]ro\[aq], \[aq]rw\[aq], and \[aq]name=<value>\[aq]\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Remainder of program... */ - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/getutent.3 b/man3/getutent.3 index f794797155..88d323990b 100644 --- a/man3/getutent.3 +++ b/man3/getutent.3 @@ -304,14 +304,14 @@ and #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <utmp.h> - +\& int main(void) { struct utmp entry; - +\& system("echo before adding entry:;who"); - +\& entry.ut_type = USER_PROCESS; entry.ut_pid = getpid(); strcpy(entry.ut_line, ttyname(STDIN_FILENO) + strlen("/dev/")); @@ -323,18 +323,18 @@ main(void) entry.ut_addr = 0; setutent(); pututline(&entry); - +\& system("echo after adding entry:;who"); - +\& entry.ut_type = DEAD_PROCESS; memset(entry.ut_line, 0, UT_LINESIZE); entry.ut_time = 0; memset(entry.ut_user, 0, UT_NAMESIZE); setutent(); pututline(&entry); - +\& system("echo after removing entry:;who"); - +\& endutent(); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/glob.3 b/man3/glob.3 index c8b5be332f..41fb111e54 100644 --- a/man3/glob.3 +++ b/man3/glob.3 @@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ in the shell: .in +4n .EX glob_t globbuf; - +\& globbuf.gl_offs = 2; glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &globbuf); glob("../*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &globbuf); diff --git a/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 b/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 index 86f0ebeb40..c819d9c130 100644 --- a/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 +++ b/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3 @@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ GNU libc release: stable .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #include <gnu/libc\-version.h> - +\& int main(void) { diff --git a/man3/hsearch.3 b/man3/hsearch.3 index dfd7787c7a..422be88a9d 100644 --- a/man3/hsearch.3 +++ b/man3/hsearch.3 @@ -307,22 +307,22 @@ some of them. #include <search.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& static char *data[] = { "alpha", "bravo", "charlie", "delta", "echo", "foxtrot", "golf", "hotel", "india", "juliet", "kilo", "lima", "mike", "november", "oscar", "papa", "quebec", "romeo", "sierra", "tango", "uniform", "victor", "whisky", "x\-ray", "yankee", "zulu" }; - +\& int main(void) { ENTRY e; ENTRY *ep; - +\& hcreate(30); - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < 24; i++) { e.key = data[i]; /* data is just an integer, instead of a @@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ main(void) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& for (size_t i = 22; i < 26; i++) { /* print two entries from the table, and show that two are not in the table */ diff --git a/man3/if_nameindex.3 b/man3/if_nameindex.3 index 01dc65980f..bb98bb312e 100644 --- a/man3/if_nameindex.3 +++ b/man3/if_nameindex.3 @@ -127,23 +127,23 @@ $ \fB./a.out\fI #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& int main(void) { struct if_nameindex *if_ni, *i; - +\& if_ni = if_nameindex(); if (if_ni == NULL) { perror("if_nameindex"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (i = if_ni; !(i\->if_index == 0 && i\->if_name == NULL); i++) printf("%u: %s\en", i\->if_index, i\->if_name); - +\& if_freenameindex(if_ni); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/inet.3 b/man3/inet.3 index 8c69127886..e482f12e85 100644 --- a/man3/inet.3 +++ b/man3/inet.3 @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ as: .in +4n .EX typedef uint32_t in_addr_t; - +\& struct in_addr { in_addr_t s_addr; }; @@ -303,22 +303,22 @@ Here are some example runs: #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct in_addr addr; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "%s <dotted\-address>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (inet_aton(argv[1], &addr) == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "Invalid address\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("%s\en", inet_ntoa(addr)); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/inet_net_pton.3 b/man3/inet_net_pton.3 index 0da4030dee..10ea3b3c68 100644 --- a/man3/inet_net_pton.3 +++ b/man3/inet_net_pton.3 @@ -307,59 +307,59 @@ Raw address: c1a80180 .\" SRC BEGIN (inet_net_pton.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lresolv" */ - +\& #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e } while (0) - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char buf[100]; struct in_addr addr; int bits; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s presentation\-form [addr\-init\-value]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* If argv[2] is supplied (a numeric value), use it to initialize the output buffer given to inet_net_pton(), so that we can see that inet_net_pton() initializes only those bytes needed for the network number. If argv[2] is not supplied, then initialize the buffer to zero (as is recommended practice). */ - +\& addr.s_addr = (argc > 2) ? strtod(argv[2], NULL) : 0; - +\& /* Convert presentation network number in argv[1] to binary. */ - +\& bits = inet_net_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &addr, sizeof(addr)); if (bits == \-1) errExit("inet_net_ntop"); - +\& printf("inet_net_pton() returned: %d\en", bits); - +\& /* Convert binary format back to presentation, using \[aq]bits\[aq] returned by inet_net_pton(). */ - +\& if (inet_net_ntop(AF_INET, &addr, bits, buf, sizeof(buf)) == NULL) errExit("inet_net_ntop"); - +\& printf("inet_net_ntop() yielded: %s\en", buf); - +\& /* Display \[aq]addr\[aq] in raw form (in network byte order), so we can see bytes not displayed by inet_net_ntop(); some of those bytes may not have been touched by inet_net_ntop(), and so will still have any initial value that was specified in argv[2]. */ - +\& printf("Raw address: %x\en", htonl(addr.s_addr)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/inet_pton.3 b/man3/inet_pton.3 index d51f838fd3..54295f6485 100644 --- a/man3/inet_pton.3 +++ b/man3/inet_pton.3 @@ -184,22 +184,22 @@ Here are some example runs: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { unsigned char buf[sizeof(struct in6_addr)]; int domain, s; char str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN]; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s {i4|i6|<num>} string\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& domain = (strcmp(argv[1], "i4") == 0) ? AF_INET : (strcmp(argv[1], "i6") == 0) ? AF_INET6 : atoi(argv[1]); - +\& s = inet_pton(domain, argv[2], buf); if (s <= 0) { if (s == 0) @@ -208,14 +208,14 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) perror("inet_pton"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (inet_ntop(domain, buf, str, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN) == NULL) { perror("inet_ntop"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("%s\en", str); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/insque.3 b/man3/insque.3 index 8793fd2723..0a601970ae 100644 --- a/man3/insque.3 +++ b/man3/insque.3 @@ -158,36 +158,36 @@ That was a circular list #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& struct element { struct element *forward; struct element *backward; char *name; }; - +\& static struct element * new_element(void) { struct element *e; - +\& e = malloc(sizeof(*e)); if (e == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "malloc() failed\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& return e; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct element *first, *elem, *prev; int circular, opt, errfnd; - +\& /* The "\-c" command\-line option can be used to specify that the list is circular. */ - +\& errfnd = 0; circular = 0; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "c")) != \-1) { @@ -200,19 +200,19 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) break; } } - +\& if (errfnd || optind >= argc) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-c] string...\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Create first element and place it in the linked list. */ - +\& elem = new_element(); first = elem; - +\& elem\->name = argv[optind]; - +\& if (circular) { elem\->forward = elem; elem\->backward = elem; @@ -220,29 +220,29 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } else { insque(elem, NULL); } - +\& /* Add remaining command\-line arguments as list elements. */ - +\& while (++optind < argc) { prev = elem; - +\& elem = new_element(); elem\->name = argv[optind]; insque(elem, prev); } - +\& /* Traverse the list from the start, printing element names. */ - +\& printf("Traversing completed list:\en"); elem = first; do { printf(" %s\en", elem\->name); elem = elem\->forward; } while (elem != NULL && elem != first); - +\& if (elem == first) printf("That was a circular list\en"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/list.3 b/man3/list.3 index 03f26e0c83..dbc95bf144 100644 --- a/man3/list.3 +++ b/man3/list.3 @@ -255,36 +255,36 @@ without interfering with the traversal. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/queue.h> - +\& struct entry { int data; LIST_ENTRY(entry) entries; /* List */ }; - +\& LIST_HEAD(listhead, entry); - +\& int main(void) { struct entry *n1, *n2, *n3, *np; struct listhead head; /* List head */ int i; - +\& LIST_INIT(&head); /* Initialize the list */ - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the head */ LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n2 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert after */ LIST_INSERT_AFTER(n1, n2, entries); - +\& n3 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert before */ LIST_INSERT_BEFORE(n2, n3, entries); - +\& i = 0; /* Forward traversal */ LIST_FOREACH(np, &head, entries) np\->data = i++; - +\& LIST_REMOVE(n2, entries); /* Deletion */ free(n2); /* Forward traversal */ @@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ main(void) n1 = n2; } LIST_INIT(&head); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/makecontext.3 b/man3/makecontext.3 index c46fb8708c..89e073ac91 100644 --- a/man3/makecontext.3 +++ b/man3/makecontext.3 @@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ main: exiting #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <ucontext.h> - +\& static ucontext_t uctx_main, uctx_func1, uctx_func2; - +\& #define handle_error(msg) \e do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void func1(void) { @@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func1(void) handle_error("swapcontext"); printf("%s: returning\en", __func__); } - +\& static void func2(void) { @@ -194,20 +194,20 @@ func2(void) handle_error("swapcontext"); printf("%s: returning\en", __func__); } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char func1_stack[16384]; char func2_stack[16384]; - +\& if (getcontext(&uctx_func1) == \-1) handle_error("getcontext"); uctx_func1.uc_stack.ss_sp = func1_stack; uctx_func1.uc_stack.ss_size = sizeof(func1_stack); uctx_func1.uc_link = &uctx_main; makecontext(&uctx_func1, func1, 0); - +\& if (getcontext(&uctx_func2) == \-1) handle_error("getcontext"); uctx_func2.uc_stack.ss_sp = func2_stack; @@ -215,11 +215,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) /* Successor context is f1(), unless argc > 1 */ uctx_func2.uc_link = (argc > 1) ? NULL : &uctx_func1; makecontext(&uctx_func2, func2, 0); - +\& printf("%s: swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2)\en", __func__); if (swapcontext(&uctx_main, &uctx_func2) == \-1) handle_error("swapcontext"); - +\& printf("%s: exiting\en", __func__); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/mallinfo.3 b/man3/mallinfo.3 index 3a7ee0da66..452abedc93 100644 --- a/man3/mallinfo.3 +++ b/man3/mallinfo.3 @@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ Free bytes held in fastbins (fsmblks): 0 Total allocated space (uordblks): 0 Total free space (fordblks): 0 Topmost releasable block (keepcost): 0 - +\& ============== After allocating blocks ============== Total non\-mmapped bytes (arena): 135168 # of free chunks (ordblks): 1 @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Free bytes held in fastbins (fsmblks): 0 Total allocated space (uordblks): 104000 Total free space (fordblks): 31168 Topmost releasable block (keepcost): 31168 - +\& ============== After freeing blocks ============== Total non\-mmapped bytes (arena): 135168 # of free chunks (ordblks): 501 @@ -259,14 +259,14 @@ Topmost releasable block (keepcost): 31168 #include <malloc.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& static void display_mallinfo2(void) { struct mallinfo2 mi; - +\& mi = mallinfo2(); - +\& printf("Total non\-mmapped bytes (arena): %zu\en", mi.arena); printf("# of free chunks (ordblks): %zu\en", mi.ordblks); printf("# of free fastbin blocks (smblks): %zu\en", mi.smblks); @@ -278,51 +278,51 @@ display_mallinfo2(void) printf("Total free space (fordblks): %zu\en", mi.fordblks); printf("Topmost releasable block (keepcost): %zu\en", mi.keepcost); } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { #define MAX_ALLOCS 2000000 char *alloc[MAX_ALLOCS]; size_t blockSize, numBlocks, freeBegin, freeEnd, freeStep; - +\& if (argc < 3 || strcmp(argv[1], "\-\-help") == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "%s num\-blocks block\-size [free\-step " "[start\-free [end\-free]]]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& numBlocks = atoi(argv[1]); blockSize = atoi(argv[2]); freeStep = (argc > 3) ? atoi(argv[3]) : 1; freeBegin = (argc > 4) ? atoi(argv[4]) : 0; freeEnd = (argc > 5) ? atoi(argv[5]) : numBlocks; - +\& printf("============== Before allocating blocks ==============\en"); display_mallinfo2(); - +\& for (size_t j = 0; j < numBlocks; j++) { if (numBlocks >= MAX_ALLOCS) { fprintf(stderr, "Too many allocations\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& alloc[j] = malloc(blockSize); if (alloc[j] == NULL) { perror("malloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& printf("\en============== After allocating blocks ==============\en"); display_mallinfo2(); - +\& for (size_t j = freeBegin; j < freeEnd; j += freeStep) free(alloc[j]); - +\& printf("\en============== After freeing blocks ==============\en"); display_mallinfo2(); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/malloc.3 b/man3/malloc.3 index ad7eed2895..7c86de8e45 100644 --- a/man3/malloc.3 +++ b/man3/malloc.3 @@ -403,25 +403,25 @@ and #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& #define MALLOCARRAY(n, type) ((type *) my_mallocarray(n, sizeof(type))) #define MALLOC(type) MALLOCARRAY(1, type) - +\& static inline void *my_mallocarray(size_t nmemb, size_t size); - +\& int main(void) { char *p; - +\& p = MALLOCARRAY(32, char); if (p == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc"); - +\& strlcpy(p, "foo", 32); puts(p); } - +\& static inline void * my_mallocarray(size_t nmemb, size_t size) { diff --git a/man3/malloc_hook.3 b/man3/malloc_hook.3 index 83b213cd56..e524d59397 100644 --- a/man3/malloc_hook.3 +++ b/man3/malloc_hook.3 @@ -105,45 +105,45 @@ Here is a short example of how to use these variables. .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <malloc.h> - +\& /* Prototypes for our hooks */ static void my_init_hook(void); static void *my_malloc_hook(size_t, const void *); - +\& /* Variables to save original hooks */ static void *(*old_malloc_hook)(size_t, const void *); - +\& /* Override initializing hook from the C library */ void (*__malloc_initialize_hook)(void) = my_init_hook; - +\& static void my_init_hook(void) { old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; } - +\& static void * my_malloc_hook(size_t size, const void *caller) { void *result; - +\& /* Restore all old hooks */ __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook; - +\& /* Call recursively */ result = malloc(size); - +\& /* Save underlying hooks */ old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; - +\& /* printf() might call malloc(), so protect it too */ printf("malloc(%zu) called from %p returns %p\en", size, caller, result); - +\& /* Restore our own hooks */ __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; - +\& return result; } .EE diff --git a/man3/malloc_info.3 b/man3/malloc_info.3 index 70f5a8e03c..6c73f72c82 100644 --- a/man3/malloc_info.3 +++ b/man3/malloc_info.3 @@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ glibc 2.13 <aspace type="total" size="135168"/> <aspace type="mprotect" size="135168"/> </malloc> - +\& ============ After allocating blocks ============ <malloc version="1"> <heap nr="0"> @@ -173,81 +173,81 @@ glibc 2.13 #include <pthread.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& static size_t blockSize; static size_t numThreads; static unsigned int numBlocks; - +\& static void * thread_func(void *arg) { int tn = (int) arg; - +\& /* The multiplier \[aq](2 + tn)\[aq] ensures that each thread (including the main thread) allocates a different amount of memory. */ - +\& for (unsigned int j = 0; j < numBlocks; j++) if (malloc(blockSize * (2 + tn)) == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc\-thread"); - +\& sleep(100); /* Sleep until main thread terminates. */ return NULL; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sleepTime; pthread_t *thr; - +\& if (argc < 4) { fprintf(stderr, "%s num\-threads num\-blocks block\-size [sleep\-time]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& numThreads = atoi(argv[1]); numBlocks = atoi(argv[2]); blockSize = atoi(argv[3]); sleepTime = (argc > 4) ? atoi(argv[4]) : 0; - +\& thr = calloc(numThreads, sizeof(*thr)); if (thr == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "calloc"); - +\& printf("============ Before allocating blocks ============\en"); malloc_info(0, stdout); - +\& /* Create threads that allocate different amounts of memory. */ - +\& for (size_t tn = 0; tn < numThreads; tn++) { errno = pthread_create(&thr[tn], NULL, thread_func, (void *) tn); if (errno != 0) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pthread_create"); - +\& /* If we add a sleep interval after the start\-up of each thread, the threads likely won\[aq]t contend for malloc mutexes, and therefore additional arenas won\[aq]t be allocated (see malloc(3)). */ - +\& if (sleepTime > 0) sleep(sleepTime); } - +\& /* The main thread also allocates some memory. */ - +\& for (unsigned int j = 0; j < numBlocks; j++) if (malloc(blockSize) == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc"); - +\& sleep(2); /* Give all threads a chance to complete allocations. */ - +\& printf("\en============ After allocating blocks ============\en"); malloc_info(0, stdout); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/mallopt.3 b/man3/mallopt.3 index f43b6d5782..5f73c499de 100644 --- a/man3/mallopt.3 +++ b/man3/mallopt.3 @@ -574,31 +574,31 @@ main(): returned from second free() call #include <malloc.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *p; - +\& if (argc > 1) { if (mallopt(M_CHECK_ACTION, atoi(argv[1])) != 1) { fprintf(stderr, "mallopt() failed"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& p = malloc(1000); if (p == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "malloc() failed"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& free(p); printf("%s(): returned from first free() call\en", __func__); - +\& free(p); printf("%s(): returned from second free() call\en", __func__); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/matherr.3 b/man3/matherr.3 index 40ff9a62df..5447775c04 100644 --- a/man3/matherr.3 +++ b/man3/matherr.3 @@ -367,13 +367,13 @@ x=12345.000000 #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& static int matherr_ret = 0; /* Value that matherr() should return */ static int change_retval = 0; /* Should matherr() change function\[aq]s return value? */ static double new_retval; /* New function return value */ - +\& int matherr(struct exception *exc) { @@ -388,38 +388,38 @@ matherr(struct exception *exc) fprintf(stderr, " args: %f, %f\en", exc\->arg1, exc\->arg2); fprintf(stderr, " retval: %f\en", exc\->retval); - +\& if (change_retval) exc\->retval = new_retval; - +\& return matherr_ret; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double x; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <argval>" " [<matherr\-ret> [<new\-func\-retval>]]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (argc > 2) { _LIB_VERSION = _SVID_; matherr_ret = atoi(argv[2]); } - +\& if (argc > 3) { change_retval = 1; new_retval = atof(argv[3]); } - +\& x = log(atof(argv[1])); if (errno != 0) perror("errno"); - +\& printf("x=%f\en", x); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/mbstowcs.3 b/man3/mbstowcs.3 index 8337cb1bd1..19651ea57f 100644 --- a/man3/mbstowcs.3 +++ b/man3/mbstowcs.3 @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ $ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF\-8 Grüße! Length of source string (excluding terminator): 8 bytes 6 multibyte characters - +\& Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters) G alpha upper r alpha lower @@ -157,81 +157,81 @@ Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters) #include <string.h> #include <wchar.h> #include <wctype.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { size_t mbslen; /* Number of multibyte characters in source */ wchar_t *wcs; /* Pointer to converted wide character string */ - +\& if (argc < 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <locale> <string>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Apply the specified locale. */ - +\& if (setlocale(LC_ALL, argv[1]) == NULL) { perror("setlocale"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Calculate the length required to hold argv[2] converted to a wide character string. */ - +\& mbslen = mbstowcs(NULL, argv[2], 0); if (mbslen == (size_t) \-1) { perror("mbstowcs"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Describe the source string to the user. */ - +\& printf("Length of source string (excluding terminator):\en"); printf(" %zu bytes\en", strlen(argv[2])); printf(" %zu multibyte characters\en\en", mbslen); - +\& /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1 to allow for terminating null wide character (L\[aq]\e0\[aq]). */ - +\& wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(*wcs)); if (wcs == NULL) { perror("calloc"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Convert the multibyte character string in argv[2] to a wide character string. */ - +\& if (mbstowcs(wcs, argv[2], mbslen + 1) == (size_t) \-1) { perror("mbstowcs"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("Wide character string is: %ls (%zu characters)\en", wcs, mbslen); - +\& /* Now do some inspection of the classes of the characters in the wide character string. */ - +\& for (wchar_t *wp = wcs; *wp != 0; wp++) { printf(" %lc ", (wint_t) *wp); - +\& if (!iswalpha(*wp)) printf("!"); printf("alpha "); - +\& if (iswalpha(*wp)) { if (iswupper(*wp)) printf("upper "); - +\& if (iswlower(*wp)) printf("lower "); } - +\& putchar(\[aq]\en\[aq]); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/mcheck.3 b/man3/mcheck.3 index adf98213a8..9d24aaf0ad 100644 --- a/man3/mcheck.3 +++ b/man3/mcheck.3 @@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ when running the program: .EX .RB "$" " ./a.out" About to free - +\& About to free a second time block freed twice Aborted (core dumped) @@ -185,25 +185,25 @@ Aborted (core dumped) #include <mcheck.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { char *p; - +\& if (mcheck(NULL) != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "mcheck() failed\en"); - +\& exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& p = malloc(1000); - +\& fprintf(stderr, "About to free\en"); free(p); fprintf(stderr, "\enAbout to free a second time\en"); free(p); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/mq_getattr.3 b/man3/mq_getattr.3 index 895c4067bb..5baf065bf6 100644 --- a/man3/mq_getattr.3 +++ b/man3/mq_getattr.3 @@ -190,34 +190,34 @@ $ \fBcat /proc/sys/fs/mqueue/msgsize_default\fP #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e } while (0) - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { mqd_t mqd; struct mq_attr attr; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s mq\-name\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& mqd = mq_open(argv[1], O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0600, NULL); if (mqd == (mqd_t) \-1) errExit("mq_open"); - +\& if (mq_getattr(mqd, &attr) == \-1) errExit("mq_getattr"); - +\& printf("Maximum # of messages on queue: %ld\en", attr.mq_maxmsg); printf("Maximum message size: %ld\en", attr.mq_msgsize); - +\& if (mq_unlink(argv[1]) == \-1) errExit("mq_unlink"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/mq_notify.3 b/man3/mq_notify.3 index 371ae4617a..4f8eb3f880 100644 --- a/man3/mq_notify.3 +++ b/man3/mq_notify.3 @@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ queue and then terminates the process. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error(msg) \e do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void /* Thread start function */ tfunc(union sigval sv) { @@ -221,46 +221,46 @@ tfunc(union sigval sv) ssize_t nr; void *buf; mqd_t mqdes = *((mqd_t *) sv.sival_ptr); - +\& /* Determine max. msg size; allocate buffer to receive msg */ - +\& if (mq_getattr(mqdes, &attr) == \-1) handle_error("mq_getattr"); buf = malloc(attr.mq_msgsize); if (buf == NULL) handle_error("malloc"); - +\& nr = mq_receive(mqdes, buf, attr.mq_msgsize, NULL); if (nr == \-1) handle_error("mq_receive"); - +\& printf("Read %zd bytes from MQ\en", nr); free(buf); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); /* Terminate the process */ } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { mqd_t mqdes; struct sigevent sev; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <mq\-name>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& mqdes = mq_open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); if (mqdes == (mqd_t) \-1) handle_error("mq_open"); - +\& sev.sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD; sev.sigev_notify_function = tfunc; sev.sigev_notify_attributes = NULL; sev.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &mqdes; /* Arg. to thread func. */ if (mq_notify(mqdes, &sev) == \-1) handle_error("mq_notify"); - +\& pause(); /* Process will be terminated by thread function */ } .EE diff --git a/man3/mtrace.3 b/man3/mtrace.3 index 3713ffedf4..c7fb2f81f1 100644 --- a/man3/mtrace.3 +++ b/man3/mtrace.3 @@ -132,15 +132,15 @@ The demonstration uses the following program: #include <mcheck.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { mtrace(); - +\& for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 2; j++) malloc(100); /* Never freed\-\-a memory leak */ - +\& calloc(16, 16); /* Never freed\-\-a memory leak */ exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/newlocale.3 b/man3/newlocale.3 index 48fbeff6e7..5d10e9a901 100644 --- a/man3/newlocale.3 +++ b/man3/newlocale.3 @@ -279,10 +279,10 @@ Te Paraire, te 07 o Poutū\-te\-rangi, 2014 00:38:44 CET #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e } while (0) - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -291,58 +291,58 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) size_t s; struct tm *tm; locale_t loc, nloc; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s locale1 [locale2]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Create a new locale object, taking the LC_NUMERIC settings from the locale specified in argv[1]. */ - +\& loc = newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, argv[1], (locale_t) 0); if (loc == (locale_t) 0) errExit("newlocale"); - +\& /* If a second command\-line argument was specified, modify the locale object to take the LC_TIME settings from the locale specified in argv[2]. We assign the result of this newlocale() call to \[aq]nloc\[aq] rather than \[aq]loc\[aq], since in some cases, we might want to preserve \[aq]loc\[aq] if this call fails. */ - +\& if (argc > 2) { nloc = newlocale(LC_TIME_MASK, argv[2], loc); if (nloc == (locale_t) 0) errExit("newlocale"); loc = nloc; } - +\& /* Apply the newly created locale to this thread. */ - +\& uselocale(loc); - +\& /* Test effect of LC_NUMERIC. */ - +\& printf("%8.3f\en", 123456.789); - +\& /* Test effect of LC_TIME. */ - +\& t = time(NULL); tm = localtime(&t); if (tm == NULL) errExit("time"); - +\& s = strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%c", tm); if (s == 0) errExit("strftime"); - +\& printf("%s\en", buf); - +\& /* Free the locale object. */ - +\& uselocale(LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE); /* So \[aq]loc\[aq] is no longer in use */ freelocale(loc); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/nl_langinfo.3 b/man3/nl_langinfo.3 index 63d411745b..efe74e9e4b 100644 --- a/man3/nl_langinfo.3 +++ b/man3/nl_langinfo.3 @@ -332,16 +332,16 @@ the radix character. #include <locale.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { setlocale(LC_CTYPE, ""); setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, ""); - +\& printf("%s\en", nl_langinfo(CODESET)); printf("%s\en", nl_langinfo(RADIXCHAR)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/ntp_gettime.3 b/man3/ntp_gettime.3 index 8899b56e97..5da0b09156 100644 --- a/man3/ntp_gettime.3 +++ b/man3/ntp_gettime.3 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct ntptimeval { long maxerror; /* Maximum error */ long esterror; /* Estimated error */ long tai; /* TAI offset */ - +\& /* Further padding bytes allowing for future expansion */ }; .EE diff --git a/man3/offsetof.3 b/man3/offsetof.3 index b234e5ce1b..65e0ee4c20 100644 --- a/man3/offsetof.3 +++ b/man3/offsetof.3 @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ sizeof(struct s)=16 #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { @@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ main(void) double d; char a[]; }; - +\& /* Output is compiler dependent */ - +\& printf("offsets: i=%zu; c=%zu; d=%zu a=%zu\en", offsetof(struct s, i), offsetof(struct s, c), offsetof(struct s, d), offsetof(struct s, a)); printf("sizeof(struct s)=%zu\en", sizeof(struct s)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/posix_spawn.3 b/man3/posix_spawn.3 index 32dc1211ce..b0190858d1 100644 --- a/man3/posix_spawn.3 +++ b/man3/posix_spawn.3 @@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ can't be blocked). $ \fB./a.out \-s sleep 60 &\fP [1] 7637 $ PID of child: 7638 - +.PP $ \fBkill 7638\fP $ \fBkill \-KILL 7638\fP $ Child status: killed by signal 9 @@ -666,16 +666,16 @@ Child status: exited, status=127 #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <wait.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); \e exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& #define errExitEN(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); \e exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& char **environ; - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -686,87 +686,87 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) posix_spawnattr_t *attrp; posix_spawn_file_actions_t file_actions; posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actionsp; - +\& /* Parse command\-line options, which can be used to specify an attributes object and file actions object for the child. */ - +\& attrp = NULL; file_actionsp = NULL; - +\& while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "sc")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { case \[aq]c\[aq]: /* \-c: close standard output in child */ - +\& /* Create a file actions object and add a "close" action to it. */ - +\& s = posix_spawn_file_actions_init(&file_actions); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_init"); - +\& s = posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(&file_actions, STDOUT_FILENO); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose"); - +\& file_actionsp = &file_actions; break; - +\& case \[aq]s\[aq]: /* \-s: block all signals in child */ - +\& /* Create an attributes object and add a "set signal mask" action to it. */ - +\& s = posix_spawnattr_init(&attr); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_init"); s = posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setflags"); - +\& sigfillset(&mask); s = posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(&attr, &mask); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setsigmask"); - +\& attrp = &attr; break; } } - +\& /* Spawn the child. The name of the program to execute and the command\-line arguments are taken from the command\-line arguments of this program. The environment of the program execed in the child is made the same as the parent\[aq]s environment. */ - +\& s = posix_spawnp(&child_pid, argv[optind], file_actionsp, attrp, &argv[optind], environ); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn"); - +\& /* Destroy any objects that we created earlier. */ - +\& if (attrp != NULL) { s = posix_spawnattr_destroy(attrp); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_destroy"); } - +\& if (file_actionsp != NULL) { s = posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(file_actionsp); if (s != 0) errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy"); } - +\& printf("PID of child: %jd\en", (intmax_t) child_pid); - +\& /* Monitor status of the child until it terminates. */ - +\& do { s = waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED | WCONTINUED); if (s == \-1) errExit("waitpid"); - +\& printf("Child status: "); if (WIFEXITED(status)) { printf("exited, status=%d\en", WEXITSTATUS(status)); @@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("continued\en"); } } while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status)); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/printf.3 b/man3/printf.3 index b90a712938..962881a9cb 100644 --- a/man3/printf.3 +++ b/man3/printf.3 @@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdarg.h> - +\& char * make_message(const char *fmt, ...) { @@ -1200,30 +1200,30 @@ make_message(const char *fmt, ...) size_t size = 0; char *p = NULL; va_list ap; - +\& /* Determine required size. */ - +\& va_start(ap, fmt); n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap); va_end(ap); - +\& if (n < 0) return NULL; - +\& size = (size_t) n + 1; /* One extra byte for \[aq]\e0\[aq] */ p = malloc(size); if (p == NULL) return NULL; - +\& va_start(ap, fmt); n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap); va_end(ap); - +\& if (n < 0) { free(p); return NULL; } - +\& return p; } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_attr_init.3 b/man3/pthread_attr_init.3 index 22abc969d9..60657ee4bf 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_attr_init.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_attr_init.3 @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ Thread attributes: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& static void display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) { @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) size_t v; void *stkaddr; struct sched_param sp; - +\& s = pthread_attr_getdetachstate(attr, &i); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getdetachstate"); @@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) (i == PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) ? "PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED" : (i == PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE) ? "PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE" : "???"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getscope(attr, &i); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getscope"); @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) (i == PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM) ? "PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM" : (i == PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS) ? "PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS" : "???"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getinheritsched(attr, &i); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getinheritsched"); @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) (i == PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED) ? "PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED" : (i == PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED) ? "PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED" : "???"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(attr, &i); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getschedpolicy"); @@ -199,44 +199,44 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) (i == SCHED_FIFO) ? "SCHED_FIFO" : (i == SCHED_RR) ? "SCHED_RR" : "???"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getschedparam(attr, &sp); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getschedparam"); printf("%sScheduling priority = %d\en", prefix, sp.sched_priority); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getguardsize(attr, &v); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getguardsize"); printf("%sGuard size = %zu bytes\en", prefix, v); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getstack(attr, &stkaddr, &v); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getstack"); printf("%sStack address = %p\en", prefix, stkaddr); printf("%sStack size = %#zx bytes\en", prefix, v); } - +\& static void * thread_start(void *arg) { int s; pthread_attr_t gattr; - +\& /* pthread_getattr_np() is a non\-standard GNU extension that retrieves the attributes of the thread specified in its first argument. */ - +\& s = pthread_getattr_np(pthread_self(), &gattr); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_getattr_np"); - +\& printf("Thread attributes:\en"); display_pthread_attr(&gattr, "\et"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); /* Terminate all threads */ } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -244,54 +244,54 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) pthread_attr_t attr; pthread_attr_t *attrp; /* NULL or &attr */ int s; - +\& attrp = NULL; - +\& /* If a command\-line argument was supplied, use it to set the stack\-size attribute and set a few other thread attributes, and set attrp pointing to thread attributes object. */ - +\& if (argc > 1) { size_t stack_size; void *sp; - +\& attrp = &attr; - +\& s = pthread_attr_init(&attr); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_init"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_setdetachstate"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setinheritsched(&attr, PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_setinheritsched"); - +\& stack_size = strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0); - +\& s = posix_memalign(&sp, sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE), stack_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "posix_memalign"); - +\& printf("posix_memalign() allocated at %p\en", sp); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setstack(&attr, sp, stack_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_setstack"); } - +\& s = pthread_create(&thr, attrp, &thread_start, NULL); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_create"); - +\& if (attrp != NULL) { s = pthread_attr_destroy(attrp); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_destroy"); } - +\& pause(); /* Terminates when other thread calls exit() */ } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_cancel.3 b/man3/pthread_cancel.3 index 231466119c..5ff2ff8f74 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_cancel.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_cancel.3 @@ -157,66 +157,66 @@ main(): thread was canceled #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void * thread_func(void *ignored_argument) { int s; - +\& /* Disable cancelation for a while, so that we don\[aq]t immediately react to a cancelation request. */ - +\& s = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_setcancelstate"); - +\& printf("%s(): started; cancelation disabled\en", __func__); sleep(5); printf("%s(): about to enable cancelation\en", __func__); - +\& s = pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_setcancelstate"); - +\& /* sleep() is a cancelation point. */ - +\& sleep(1000); /* Should get canceled while we sleep */ - +\& /* Should never get here. */ - +\& printf("%s(): not canceled!\en", __func__); return NULL; } - +\& int main(void) { pthread_t thr; void *res; int s; - +\& /* Start a thread and then send it a cancelation request. */ - +\& s = pthread_create(&thr, NULL, &thread_func, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); - +\& sleep(2); /* Give thread a chance to get started */ - +\& printf("%s(): sending cancelation request\en", __func__); s = pthread_cancel(thr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_cancel"); - +\& /* Join with thread to see what its exit status was. */ - +\& s = pthread_join(thr, &res); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_join"); - +\& if (res == PTHREAD_CANCELED) printf("%s(): thread was canceled\en", __func__); else diff --git a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 index 658b732770..215f01d9f5 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push.3 @@ -238,32 +238,32 @@ was nonzero. #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static int done = 0; static int cleanup_pop_arg = 0; static int cnt = 0; - +\& static void cleanup_handler(void *arg) { printf("Called clean\-up handler\en"); cnt = 0; } - +\& static void * thread_start(void *arg) { time_t curr; - +\& printf("New thread started\en"); - +\& pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler, NULL); - +\& curr = time(NULL); - +\& while (!done) { pthread_testcancel(); /* A cancelation point */ if (curr < time(NULL)) { @@ -272,40 +272,40 @@ thread_start(void *arg) cnt++; } } - +\& pthread_cleanup_pop(cleanup_pop_arg); return NULL; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pthread_t thr; int s; void *res; - +\& s = pthread_create(&thr, NULL, thread_start, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); - +\& sleep(2); /* Allow new thread to run a while */ - +\& if (argc > 1) { if (argc > 2) cleanup_pop_arg = atoi(argv[2]); done = 1; - +\& } else { printf("Canceling thread\en"); s = pthread_cancel(thr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_cancel"); } - +\& s = pthread_join(thr, &res); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_join"); - +\& if (res == PTHREAD_CANCELED) printf("Thread was canceled; cnt = %d\en", cnt); else diff --git a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np.3 b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np.3 index b14c11a866..b60ea81c27 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_cleanup_push_defer_np.3 @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ is equivalent to (but shorter and more efficient than): .in +4n .EX int oldtype; - +\& pthread_cleanup_push(routine, arg); pthread_setcanceltype(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED, &oldtype); \&... diff --git a/man3/pthread_create.3 b/man3/pthread_create.3 index b90bd74941..033acf01e1 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_create.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_create.3 @@ -276,41 +276,41 @@ Joined with thread 3; returned value was SERVUS #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& #define handle_error(msg) \e do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& struct thread_info { /* Used as argument to thread_start() */ pthread_t thread_id; /* ID returned by pthread_create() */ int thread_num; /* Application\-defined thread # */ char *argv_string; /* From command\-line argument */ }; - +\& /* Thread start function: display address near top of our stack, and return upper\-cased copy of argv_string. */ - +\& static void * thread_start(void *arg) { struct thread_info *tinfo = arg; char *uargv; - +\& printf("Thread %d: top of stack near %p; argv_string=%s\en", tinfo\->thread_num, (void *) &tinfo, tinfo\->argv_string); - +\& uargv = strdup(tinfo\->argv_string); if (uargv == NULL) handle_error("strdup"); - +\& for (char *p = uargv; *p != \[aq]\e0\[aq]; p++) *p = toupper(*p); - +\& return uargv; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -320,77 +320,77 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) ssize_t stack_size; pthread_attr_t attr; struct thread_info *tinfo; - +\& /* The "\-s" option specifies a stack size for our threads. */ - +\& stack_size = \-1; while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "s:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { case \[aq]s\[aq]: stack_size = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0); break; - +\& default: fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [\-s stack\-size] arg...\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& num_threads = argc \- optind; - +\& /* Initialize thread creation attributes. */ - +\& s = pthread_attr_init(&attr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_init"); - +\& if (stack_size > 0) { s = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, stack_size); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_setstacksize"); } - +\& /* Allocate memory for pthread_create() arguments. */ - +\& tinfo = calloc(num_threads, sizeof(*tinfo)); if (tinfo == NULL) handle_error("calloc"); - +\& /* Create one thread for each command\-line argument. */ - +\& for (size_t tnum = 0; tnum < num_threads; tnum++) { tinfo[tnum].thread_num = tnum + 1; tinfo[tnum].argv_string = argv[optind + tnum]; - +\& /* The pthread_create() call stores the thread ID into corresponding element of tinfo[]. */ - +\& s = pthread_create(&tinfo[tnum].thread_id, &attr, &thread_start, &tinfo[tnum]); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); } - +\& /* Destroy the thread attributes object, since it is no longer needed. */ - +\& s = pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_destroy"); - +\& /* Now join with each thread, and display its returned value. */ - +\& for (size_t tnum = 0; tnum < num_threads; tnum++) { s = pthread_join(tinfo[tnum].thread_id, &res); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_join"); - +\& printf("Joined with thread %d; returned value was %s\en", tinfo[tnum].thread_num, (char *) res); free(res); /* Free memory allocated by thread */ } - +\& free(tinfo); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/pthread_getattr_default_np.3 b/man3/pthread_getattr_default_np.3 index 271df0852a..1eb434ad12 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_getattr_default_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_getattr_default_np.3 @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Inherit scheduler: INHERIT #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& static void display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr) { @@ -120,17 +120,17 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr) struct sched_param schedparam; int detachstate; int inheritsched; - +\& s = pthread_attr_getstacksize(attr, &stacksize); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getstacksize"); printf("Stack size: %zd\en", stacksize); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getguardsize(attr, &guardsize); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getguardsize"); printf("Guard size: %zd\en", guardsize); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(attr, &policy); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getschedpolicy"); @@ -138,12 +138,12 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr) (policy == SCHED_FIFO) ? "SCHED_FIFO" : (policy == SCHED_RR) ? "SCHED_RR" : (policy == SCHED_OTHER) ? "SCHED_OTHER" : "[unknown]"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getschedparam(attr, &schedparam); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getschedparam"); printf("Scheduling priority: %d\en", schedparam.sched_priority); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getdetachstate(attr, &detachstate); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getdetachstate"); @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr) (detachstate == PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) ? "DETACHED" : (detachstate == PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE) ? "JOINABLE" : "???"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getinheritsched(attr, &inheritsched); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getinheritsched"); @@ -160,19 +160,19 @@ display_pthread_attr(pthread_attr_t *attr) (inheritsched == PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED) ? "EXPLICIT" : "???"); } - +\& int main(void) { int s; pthread_attr_t attr; - +\& s = pthread_getattr_default_np(&attr); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_getattr_default_np"); - +\& display_pthread_attr(&attr); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 b/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 index cc397c36d5..ddf8460105 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_getattr_np.3 @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ Thread attributes object after initializations: Guard size = 4097 bytes Stack address = (nil) Stack size = 0x0 (0) bytes - +\& Attributes of created thread: Guard size = 8192 bytes Stack address = 0x40196000 (EOS = 0x40397000) @@ -163,12 +163,12 @@ In this case, the guard size attribute is ignored. .EX .RB "$" " ./a.out \-g 4096 \-s 0x8000 \-a" Allocated thread stack at 0x804d000 - +\& Thread attributes object after initializations: Guard size = 4096 bytes Stack address = 0x804d000 (EOS = 0x8055000) Stack size = 0x8000 (32768) bytes - +\& Attributes of created thread: Guard size = 0 bytes Stack address = 0x804d000 (EOS = 0x8055000) @@ -186,19 +186,19 @@ Attributes of created thread: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& static void display_stack_related_attributes(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) { int s; size_t stack_size, guard_size; void *stack_addr; - +\& s = pthread_attr_getguardsize(attr, &guard_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getguardsize"); printf("%sGuard size = %zu bytes\en", prefix, guard_size); - +\& s = pthread_attr_getstack(attr, &stack_addr, &stack_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_getstack"); @@ -209,33 +209,33 @@ display_stack_related_attributes(pthread_attr_t *attr, char *prefix) printf("%sStack size = %#zx (%zu) bytes\en", prefix, stack_size, stack_size); } - +\& static void display_thread_attributes(pthread_t thread, char *prefix) { int s; pthread_attr_t attr; - +\& s = pthread_getattr_np(thread, &attr); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_getattr_np"); - +\& display_stack_related_attributes(&attr, prefix); - +\& s = pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_destroy"); } - +\& static void * /* Start function for thread we create */ thread_start(void *arg) { printf("Attributes of created thread:\en"); display_thread_attributes(pthread_self(), "\et"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); /* Terminate all threads */ } - +\& static void usage(char *pname, char *msg) { @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ usage(char *pname, char *msg) fprintf(stderr, "\et\et\-a means program should allocate stack\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& static pthread_attr_t * /* Get thread attributes from command line */ get_thread_attributes_from_cl(int argc, char *argv[], pthread_attr_t *attrp) @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ get_thread_attributes_from_cl(int argc, char *argv[], allocate_stack = 0; stack_size = \-1; guard_size = \-1; - +\& while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ag:s:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { case \[aq]a\[aq]: allocate_stack = 1; break; @@ -268,21 +268,21 @@ get_thread_attributes_from_cl(int argc, char *argv[], default: usage(argv[0], NULL); } } - +\& if (allocate_stack && stack_size == \-1) usage(argv[0], "Specifying \-a without \-s makes no sense\en"); - +\& if (argc > optind) usage(argv[0], "Extraneous command\-line arguments\en"); - +\& if (stack_size >= 0 || guard_size > 0) { ret_attrp = attrp; - +\& s = pthread_attr_init(attrp); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_init"); } - +\& if (stack_size >= 0) { if (!allocate_stack) { s = pthread_attr_setstacksize(attrp, stack_size); @@ -294,22 +294,22 @@ get_thread_attributes_from_cl(int argc, char *argv[], if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "posix_memalign"); printf("Allocated thread stack at %p\en\en", stack_addr); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setstack(attrp, stack_addr, stack_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_setstacksize"); } } - +\& if (guard_size >= 0) { s = pthread_attr_setguardsize(attrp, guard_size); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_setstacksize"); } - +\& return ret_attrp; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -318,25 +318,25 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) pthread_attr_t attr; pthread_attr_t *attrp = NULL; /* Set to &attr if we initialize a thread attributes object */ - +\& attrp = get_thread_attributes_from_cl(argc, argv, &attr); - +\& if (attrp != NULL) { printf("Thread attributes object after initializations:\en"); display_stack_related_attributes(attrp, "\et"); printf("\en"); } - +\& s = pthread_create(&thr, attrp, &thread_start, NULL); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_create"); - +\& if (attrp != NULL) { s = pthread_attr_destroy(attrp); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_attr_destroy"); } - +\& pause(); /* Terminates when other thread calls exit() */ } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_getcpuclockid.3 b/man3/pthread_getcpuclockid.3 index 92c4b47a01..bac136159f 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_getcpuclockid.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_getcpuclockid.3 @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Subthread CPU time: 0.992 .\" SRC BEGIN (pthread_getcpuclockid.c) .EX /* Link with "\-lrt" */ - +\& #include <errno.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdint.h> @@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ Subthread CPU time: 0.992 #include <string.h> #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error(msg) \e do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void * thread_start(void *arg) { @@ -124,51 +124,51 @@ thread_start(void *arg) for (;;) continue; } - +\& static void pclock(char *msg, clockid_t cid) { struct timespec ts; - +\& printf("%s", msg); if (clock_gettime(cid, &ts) == \-1) handle_error("clock_gettime"); printf("%4jd.%03ld\en", (intmax_t) ts.tv_sec, ts.tv_nsec / 1000000); } - +\& int main(void) { pthread_t thread; clockid_t cid; int s; - +\& s = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, thread_start, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); - +\& printf("Main thread sleeping\en"); sleep(1); - +\& printf("Main thread consuming some CPU time...\en"); for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 2000000; j++) getppid(); - +\& pclock("Process total CPU time: ", CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID); - +\& s = pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_self(), &cid); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_getcpuclockid"); pclock("Main thread CPU time: ", cid); - +\& /* The preceding 4 lines of code could have been replaced by: pclock("Main thread CPU time: ", CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID); */ - +\& s = pthread_getcpuclockid(thread, &cid); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_getcpuclockid"); pclock("Subthread CPU time: 1 ", cid); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); /* Terminates both threads */ } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_mutexattr_setrobust.3 b/man3/pthread_mutexattr_setrobust.3 index b13ddc8eb3..fef113db23 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_mutexattr_setrobust.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_mutexattr_setrobust.3 @@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ $ \fB./a.out\fP #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static pthread_mutex_t mtx; - +\& static void * original_owner_thread(void *ptr) { @@ -209,26 +209,26 @@ original_owner_thread(void *ptr) printf("[original owner] Locked. Now exiting without unlocking.\en"); pthread_exit(NULL); } - +\& int main(void) { pthread_t thr; pthread_mutexattr_t attr; int s; - +\& pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr); - +\& pthread_mutexattr_setrobust(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST); - +\& pthread_mutex_init(&mtx, &attr); - +\& pthread_create(&thr, NULL, original_owner_thread, NULL); - +\& sleep(2); - +\& /* "original_owner_thread" should have exited by now. */ - +\& printf("[main] Attempting to lock the robust mutex.\en"); s = pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx); if (s == EOWNERDEAD) { @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ main(void) s = pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_mutex_unlock"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } else if (s == 0) { printf("[main] pthread_mutex_lock() unexpectedly succeeded\en"); diff --git a/man3/pthread_setaffinity_np.3 b/man3/pthread_setaffinity_np.3 index ed2bb82d77..3aa75c1962 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setaffinity_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setaffinity_np.3 @@ -164,37 +164,37 @@ to check the resulting CPU affinity mask of the thread. #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { int s; cpu_set_t cpuset; pthread_t thread; - +\& thread = pthread_self(); - +\& /* Set affinity mask to include CPUs 0 to 7. */ - +\& CPU_ZERO(&cpuset); for (size_t j = 0; j < 8; j++) CPU_SET(j, &cpuset); - +\& s = pthread_setaffinity_np(thread, sizeof(cpuset), &cpuset); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_setaffinity_np"); - +\& /* Check the actual affinity mask assigned to the thread. */ - +\& s = pthread_getaffinity_np(thread, sizeof(cpuset), &cpuset); if (s != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, s, "pthread_getaffinity_np"); - +\& printf("Set returned by pthread_getaffinity_np() contained:\en"); for (size_t j = 0; j < CPU_SETSIZE; j++) if (CPU_ISSET(j, &cpuset)) printf(" CPU %zu\en", j); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 index 71c8714972..6cca4c448e 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setname_np.3 @@ -151,47 +151,47 @@ THREADFOO #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define NAMELEN 16 - +\& static void * threadfunc(void *parm) { sleep(5); // allow main program to set the thread name return NULL; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { pthread_t thread; int rc; char thread_name[NAMELEN]; - +\& rc = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, threadfunc, NULL); if (rc != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, rc, "pthread_create"); - +\& rc = pthread_getname_np(thread, thread_name, NAMELEN); if (rc != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, rc, "pthread_getname_np"); - +\& printf("Created a thread. Default name is: %s\en", thread_name); rc = pthread_setname_np(thread, (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "THREADFOO"); if (rc != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, rc, "pthread_setname_np"); - +\& sleep(2); - +\& rc = pthread_getname_np(thread, thread_name, NAMELEN); if (rc != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, rc, "pthread_getname_np"); printf("The thread name after setting it is %s.\en", thread_name); - +\& rc = pthread_join(thread, NULL); if (rc != 0) errc(EXIT_FAILURE, rc, "pthread_join"); - +\& printf("Done\en"); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 index 4de5d4cd7e..7b34fdb847 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_setschedparam.3 @@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ Password: # \fB./a.out \-mf10 \-ar20 \-i e\fP Scheduler settings of main thread policy=SCHED_FIFO, priority=10 - +\& Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq] policy=SCHED_RR, priority=20 inheritsched is EXPLICIT - +\& Scheduler attributes of new thread policy=SCHED_RR, priority=20 .EE @@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ and instead take their scheduling attributes from the creating thread. # \fB./a.out \-mf10 \-ar20 \-i i\fP Scheduler settings of main thread policy=SCHED_FIFO, priority=10 - +\& Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq] policy=SCHED_RR, priority=20 inheritsched is INHERIT - +\& Scheduler attributes of new thread policy=SCHED_FIFO, priority=10 .EE @@ -227,22 +227,22 @@ is the default for the inherit scheduler attribute. .\" SRC BEGIN (pthreads_sched_test.c) .EX /* pthreads_sched_test.c */ - +\& #include <errno.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void usage(char *prog_name, char *msg) { if (msg != NULL) fputs(msg, stderr); - +\& fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [options]\en", prog_name); fprintf(stderr, "Options are:\en"); #define fpe(msg) fprintf(stderr, "\et%s", msg) /* Shorter */ @@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ usage(char *prog_name, char *msg) fpe(" main thread before pthread_create() call\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& static int get_policy(char p, int *policy) { @@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ get_policy(char p, int *policy) default: return 0; } } - +\& static void display_sched_attr(int policy, struct sched_param *param) { @@ -281,29 +281,29 @@ display_sched_attr(int policy, struct sched_param *param) "???", param\->sched_priority); } - +\& static void display_thread_sched_attr(char *msg) { int policy, s; struct sched_param param; - +\& s = pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, ¶m); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_getschedparam"); - +\& printf("%s\en", msg); display_sched_attr(policy, ¶m); } - +\& static void * thread_start(void *arg) { display_thread_sched_attr("Scheduler attributes of new thread"); - +\& return NULL; } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -313,14 +313,14 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) pthread_attr_t *attrp; char *attr_sched_str, *main_sched_str, *inheritsched_str; struct sched_param param; - +\& /* Process command\-line options. */ - +\& use_null_attrib = 0; attr_sched_str = NULL; main_sched_str = NULL; inheritsched_str = NULL; - +\& while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "a:Ai:m:")) != \-1) { switch (opt) { case \[aq]a\[aq]: attr_sched_str = optarg; break; @@ -330,40 +330,40 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) default: usage(argv[0], "Unrecognized option\en"); } } - +\& if (use_null_attrib && (inheritsched_str != NULL || attr_sched_str != NULL)) { usage(argv[0], "Can\[aq]t specify \-A with \-i or \-a\en"); } - +\& /* Optionally set scheduling attributes of main thread, and display the attributes. */ - +\& if (main_sched_str != NULL) { if (!get_policy(main_sched_str[0], &policy)) usage(argv[0], "Bad policy for main thread (\-m)\en"); param.sched_priority = strtol(&main_sched_str[1], NULL, 0); - +\& s = pthread_setschedparam(pthread_self(), policy, ¶m); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_setschedparam"); } - +\& display_thread_sched_attr("Scheduler settings of main thread"); printf("\en"); - +\& /* Initialize thread attributes object according to options. */ - +\& attrp = NULL; - +\& if (!use_null_attrib) { s = pthread_attr_init(&attr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_init"); attrp = &attr; } - +\& if (inheritsched_str != NULL) { if (inheritsched_str[0] == \[aq]e\[aq]) inheritsched = PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED; @@ -371,17 +371,17 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) inheritsched = PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED; else usage(argv[0], "Value for \-i must be \[aq]e\[aq] or \[aq]i\[aq]\en"); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setinheritsched(&attr, inheritsched); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_setinheritsched"); } - +\& if (attr_sched_str != NULL) { if (!get_policy(attr_sched_str[0], &policy)) usage(argv[0], "Bad policy for \[aq]attr\[aq] (\-a)\en"); param.sched_priority = strtol(&attr_sched_str[1], NULL, 0); - +\& s = pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, policy); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_setschedpolicy"); @@ -389,10 +389,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_setschedparam"); } - +\& /* If we initialized a thread attributes object, display the scheduling attributes that were set in the object. */ - +\& if (attrp != NULL) { s = pthread_attr_getschedparam(&attr, ¶m); if (s != 0) @@ -400,10 +400,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) s = pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(&attr, &policy); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_getschedpolicy"); - +\& printf("Scheduler settings in \[aq]attr\[aq]\en"); display_sched_attr(policy, ¶m); - +\& pthread_attr_getinheritsched(&attr, &inheritsched); printf(" inheritsched is %s\en", (inheritsched == PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED) ? "INHERIT" : @@ -411,25 +411,25 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) "???"); printf("\en"); } - +\& /* Create a thread that will display its scheduling attributes. */ - +\& s = pthread_create(&thread, attrp, &thread_start, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); - +\& /* Destroy unneeded thread attributes object. */ - +\& if (!use_null_attrib) { s = pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_attr_destroy"); } - +\& s = pthread_join(thread, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_join"); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_sigmask.3 b/man3/pthread_sigmask.3 index f91b6d365d..b4c912e49e 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_sigmask.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_sigmask.3 @@ -105,18 +105,18 @@ Signal handling thread got signal 10 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& /* Simple error handling functions */ - +\& #define handle_error_en(en, msg) \e do { errno = en; perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void * sig_thread(void *arg) { sigset_t *set = arg; int s, sig; - +\& for (;;) { s = sigwait(set, &sig); if (s != 0) @@ -124,31 +124,31 @@ sig_thread(void *arg) printf("Signal handling thread got signal %d\en", sig); } } - +\& int main(void) { pthread_t thread; sigset_t set; int s; - +\& /* Block SIGQUIT and SIGUSR1; other threads created by main() will inherit a copy of the signal mask. */ - +\& sigemptyset(&set); sigaddset(&set, SIGQUIT); sigaddset(&set, SIGUSR1); s = pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_sigmask"); - +\& s = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, &sig_thread, &set); if (s != 0) handle_error_en(s, "pthread_create"); - +\& /* Main thread carries on to create other threads and/or do other work. */ - +\& pause(); /* Dummy pause so we can test program */ } .EE diff --git a/man3/pthread_tryjoin_np.3 b/man3/pthread_tryjoin_np.3 index d2def80e10..ea6afb46d1 100644 --- a/man3/pthread_tryjoin_np.3 +++ b/man3/pthread_tryjoin_np.3 @@ -134,15 +134,15 @@ The following code waits to join for up to 5 seconds: .EX struct timespec ts; int s; - +\& \&... - +\& if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts) == \-1) { /* Handle error */ } - +\& ts.tv_sec += 5; - +\& s = pthread_timedjoin_np(thread, NULL, &ts); if (s != 0) { /* Handle error */ diff --git a/man3/qsort.3 b/man3/qsort.3 index 0801a7eb04..955f8cb434 100644 --- a/man3/qsort.3 +++ b/man3/qsort.3 @@ -126,17 +126,17 @@ which sorts the strings given in its command-line arguments: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& static int cmpstringp(const void *p1, const void *p2) { /* The actual arguments to this function are "pointers to pointers to char", but strcmp(3) arguments are "pointers to char", hence the following cast plus dereference. */ - +\& return strcmp(*(const char **) p1, *(const char **) p2); } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <string>...\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& qsort(&argv[1], argc \- 1, sizeof(char *), cmpstringp); - +\& for (size_t j = 1; j < argc; j++) puts(argv[j]); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/rand.3 b/man3/rand.3 index e6cd1fa258..8dfd80fb14 100644 --- a/man3/rand.3 +++ b/man3/rand.3 @@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two different machines. .in +4n .EX static unsigned long next = 1; - +\& /* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */ int myrand(void) { next = next * 1103515245 + 12345; return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768); } - +\& void mysrand(unsigned int seed) { next = seed; } @@ -207,32 +207,32 @@ the program uses a random seed. .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int r; unsigned int seed, nloops; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <seed> <nloops>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& seed = atoi(argv[1]); nloops = atoi(argv[2]); - +\& if (seed == \-1) { seed = arc4random(); printf("seed: %u\en", seed); } - +\& srand(seed); for (unsigned int j = 0; j < nloops; j++) { r = rand(); printf("%d\en", r); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/regex.3 b/man3/regex.3 index d245daf237..13e540b22e 100644 --- a/man3/regex.3 +++ b/man3/regex.3 @@ -365,40 +365,40 @@ Always reference them by name. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <regex.h> - +\& #define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof((arr)) / sizeof((arr)[0])) - +\& static const char *const str = "1) John Driverhacker;\en2) John Doe;\en3) John Foo;\en"; static const char *const re = "John.*o"; - +\& int main(void) { static const char *s = str; regex_t regex; regmatch_t pmatch[1]; regoff_t off, len; - +\& if (regcomp(®ex, re, REG_NEWLINE)) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); - +\& printf("String = \e"%s\e"\en", str); printf("Matches:\en"); - +\& for (unsigned int i = 0; ; i++) { if (regexec(®ex, s, ARRAY_SIZE(pmatch), pmatch, 0)) break; - +\& off = pmatch[0].rm_so + (s \- str); len = pmatch[0].rm_eo \- pmatch[0].rm_so; printf("#%zu:\en", i); printf("offset = %jd; length = %jd\en", (intmax_t) off, (intmax_t) len); printf("substring = \e"%.*s\e"\en", len, s + pmatch[0].rm_so); - +\& s += pmatch[0].rm_eo; } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/rpmatch.3 b/man3/rpmatch.3 index 5f5246bb3d..b70bf25578 100644 --- a/man3/rpmatch.3 +++ b/man3/rpmatch.3 @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ is applied to the string given in the program's command-line argument. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) fprintf(stderr, "%s response\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& setlocale(LC_ALL, ""); printf("rpmatch() returns: %d\en", rpmatch(argv[1])); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/rtime.3 b/man3/rtime.3 index 0abcf6fcec..80ee2655f2 100644 --- a/man3/rtime.3 +++ b/man3/rtime.3 @@ -115,12 +115,12 @@ The result is the localtime of the computer "linux". #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> - +\& #include <rpc/auth_des.h> - +\& static int use_tcp = 0; static const char servername[] = "linux"; - +\& int main(void) { @@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ main(void) struct rpc_timeval time1 = {0, 0}; struct rpc_timeval timeout = {1, 0}; struct sockaddr_in name; - +\& memset(&name, 0, sizeof(name)); sethostent(1); hent = gethostbyname(servername); memcpy(&name.sin_addr, hent\->h_addr, hent\->h_length); - +\& ret = rtime(&name, &time1, use_tcp ? NULL : &timeout); if (ret < 0) perror("rtime error"); @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ main(void) t = time1.tv_sec; printf("%s\en", ctime(&t)); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/rtnetlink.3 b/man3/rtnetlink.3 index 8050d31d2d..4e9a0a02a0 100644 --- a/man3/rtnetlink.3 +++ b/man3/rtnetlink.3 @@ -90,20 +90,20 @@ Creating a rtnetlink message to set the MTU of a device: .in +4n .EX #include <linux/rtnetlink.h> - +\& \&... - +\& struct { struct nlmsghdr nh; struct ifinfomsg if; char attrbuf[512]; } req; - +\& struct rtattr *rta; unsigned int mtu = 1000; - +\& int rtnetlink_sk = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_DGRAM, NETLINK_ROUTE); - +\& memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req)); req.nh.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(req.if)); req.nh.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST; diff --git a/man3/scandir.3 b/man3/scandir.3 index 27359c923b..3eb65a9a45 100644 --- a/man3/scandir.3 +++ b/man3/scandir.3 @@ -275,25 +275,25 @@ in reverse order. #include <dirent.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { struct dirent **namelist; int n; - +\& n = scandir(".", &namelist, NULL, alphasort); if (n == \-1) { perror("scandir"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& while (n\-\-) { printf("%s\en", namelist[n]\->d_name); free(namelist[n]); } free(namelist); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/sem_wait.3 b/man3/sem_wait.3 index 7b61f6dbe8..da4893202d 100644 --- a/man3/sem_wait.3 +++ b/man3/sem_wait.3 @@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ sem_timedwait() timed out #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #include <assert.h> - +\& sem_t sem; - +\& #define handle_error(msg) \e do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) - +\& static void handler(int sig) { @@ -192,47 +192,47 @@ handler(int sig) _exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } } - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct sigaction sa; struct timespec ts; int s; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <alarm\-secs> <wait\-secs>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (sem_init(&sem, 0, 0) == \-1) handle_error("sem_init"); - +\& /* Establish SIGALRM handler; set alarm timer using argv[1]. */ - +\& sa.sa_handler = handler; sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask); sa.sa_flags = 0; if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &sa, NULL) == \-1) handle_error("sigaction"); - +\& alarm(atoi(argv[1])); - +\& /* Calculate relative interval as current time plus number of seconds given argv[2]. */ - +\& if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts) == \-1) handle_error("clock_gettime"); - +\& ts.tv_sec += atoi(argv[2]); - +\& printf("%s() about to call sem_timedwait()\en", __func__); while ((s = sem_timedwait(&sem, &ts)) == \-1 && errno == EINTR) continue; /* Restart if interrupted by handler. */ - +\& /* Check what happened. */ - +\& if (s == \-1) { if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) printf("sem_timedwait() timed out\en"); @@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) perror("sem_timedwait"); } else printf("sem_timedwait() succeeded\en"); - +\& exit((s == 0) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE); } .EE diff --git a/man3/setaliasent.3 b/man3/setaliasent.3 index 0b67451a41..adf5f13d73 100644 --- a/man3/setaliasent.3 +++ b/man3/setaliasent.3 @@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ The NeXT system has similar routines: .in +4n .EX #include <aliasdb.h> - +\& void alias_setent(void); void alias_endent(void); alias_ent *alias_getent(void); @@ -152,12 +152,12 @@ It will dump all names in the alias database. #include <errno.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(void) { struct aliasent *al; - +\& setaliasent(); for (;;) { al = getaliasent(); diff --git a/man3/setbuf.3 b/man3/setbuf.3 index 7ee7c56a06..7db3f1c557 100644 --- a/man3/setbuf.3 +++ b/man3/setbuf.3 @@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ For example, the following is invalid: .\" [[invalid]] SRC BEGIN (setbuf.c) .EX #include <stdio.h> - +\& int main(void) { char buf[BUFSIZ]; - +\& setbuf(stdout, buf); printf("Hello, world!\en"); return 0; diff --git a/man3/shm_open.3 b/man3/shm_open.3 index c888c969c1..ee1c54d469 100644 --- a/man3/shm_open.3 +++ b/man3/shm_open.3 @@ -300,15 +300,15 @@ on the memory object that is shared between the two programs. #include <sys/mman.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <unistd.h> - +\& #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \e } while (0) - +\& #define BUF_SIZE 1024 /* Maximum size for exchanged string */ - +\& /* Define a structure that will be imposed on the shared memory object */ - +\& struct shmbuf { sem_t sem1; /* POSIX unnamed semaphore */ sem_t sem2; /* POSIX unnamed semaphore */ @@ -337,74 +337,74 @@ to tell the "send" program that it may now access the shared memory. .\" SRC BEGIN (pshm_ucase_bounce.c) .EX /* pshm_ucase_bounce.c - +\& Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later. */ #include <ctype.h> - +\& #include "pshm_ucase.h" - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int fd; char *shmpath; struct shmbuf *shmp; - +\& if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s /shm\-path\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& shmpath = argv[1]; - +\& /* Create shared memory object and set its size to the size of our structure. */ - +\& fd = shm_open(shmpath, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR, 0600); if (fd == \-1) errExit("shm_open"); - +\& if (ftruncate(fd, sizeof(struct shmbuf)) == \-1) errExit("ftruncate"); - +\& /* Map the object into the caller\[aq]s address space. */ - +\& shmp = mmap(NULL, sizeof(*shmp), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); if (shmp == MAP_FAILED) errExit("mmap"); - +\& /* Initialize semaphores as process\-shared, with value 0. */ - +\& if (sem_init(&shmp\->sem1, 1, 0) == \-1) errExit("sem_init\-sem1"); if (sem_init(&shmp\->sem2, 1, 0) == \-1) errExit("sem_init\-sem2"); - +\& /* Wait for \[aq]sem1\[aq] to be posted by peer before touching shared memory. */ - +\& if (sem_wait(&shmp\->sem1) == \-1) errExit("sem_wait"); - +\& /* Convert data in shared memory into upper case. */ - +\& for (size_t j = 0; j < shmp\->cnt; j++) shmp\->buf[j] = toupper((unsigned char) shmp\->buf[j]); - +\& /* Post \[aq]sem2\[aq] to tell the peer that it can now access the modified data in shared memory. */ - +\& if (sem_post(&shmp\->sem2) == \-1) errExit("sem_post"); - +\& /* Unlink the shared memory object. Even if the peer process is still using the object, this is okay. The object will be removed only after all open references are closed. */ - +\& shm_unlink(shmpath); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE @@ -430,13 +430,13 @@ on standard output. .\" SRC BEGIN (pshm_ucase_send.c) .EX /* pshm_ucase_send.c - +\& Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later. */ #include <string.h> - +\& #include "pshm_ucase.h" - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { @@ -444,54 +444,54 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) char *shmpath, *string; size_t len; struct shmbuf *shmp; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s /shm\-path string\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& shmpath = argv[1]; string = argv[2]; len = strlen(string); - +\& if (len > BUF_SIZE) { fprintf(stderr, "String is too long\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* Open the existing shared memory object and map it into the caller\[aq]s address space. */ - +\& fd = shm_open(shmpath, O_RDWR, 0); if (fd == \-1) errExit("shm_open"); - +\& shmp = mmap(NULL, sizeof(*shmp), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0); if (shmp == MAP_FAILED) errExit("mmap"); - +\& /* Copy data into the shared memory object. */ - +\& shmp\->cnt = len; memcpy(&shmp\->buf, string, len); - +\& /* Tell peer that it can now access shared memory. */ - +\& if (sem_post(&shmp\->sem1) == \-1) errExit("sem_post"); - +\& /* Wait until peer says that it has finished accessing the shared memory. */ - +\& if (sem_wait(&shmp\->sem2) == \-1) errExit("sem_wait"); - +\& /* Write modified data in shared memory to standard output. */ - +\& write(STDOUT_FILENO, &shmp\->buf, len); write(STDOUT_FILENO, "\en", 1); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/slist.3 b/man3/slist.3 index 2aa31865c4..bbfc8de18d 100644 --- a/man3/slist.3 +++ b/man3/slist.3 @@ -263,53 +263,53 @@ without interfering with the traversal. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/queue.h> - +\& struct entry { int data; SLIST_ENTRY(entry) entries; /* Singly linked list */ }; - +\& SLIST_HEAD(slisthead, entry); - +\& int main(void) { struct entry *n1, *n2, *n3, *np; struct slisthead head; /* Singly linked list head */ - +\& SLIST_INIT(&head); /* Initialize the queue */ - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the head */ SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n2 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert after */ SLIST_INSERT_AFTER(n1, n2, entries); - +\& SLIST_REMOVE(&head, n2, entry, entries);/* Deletion */ free(n2); - +\& n3 = SLIST_FIRST(&head); SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&head, entries); /* Deletion from the head */ free(n3); - +\& for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); n1\->data = i; } - +\& /* Forward traversal */ SLIST_FOREACH(np, &head, entries) printf("%i\en", np\->data); - +\& while (!SLIST_EMPTY(&head)) { /* List deletion */ n1 = SLIST_FIRST(&head); SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&head, entries); free(n1); } SLIST_INIT(&head); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/sockatmark.3 b/man3/sockatmark.3 index 254145cfc4..b5627052de 100644 --- a/man3/sockatmark.3 +++ b/man3/sockatmark.3 @@ -109,24 +109,24 @@ and then read the byte of data at the mark: char buf[BUF_LEN]; char oobdata; int atmark, s; - +\& for (;;) { atmark = sockatmark(sockfd); if (atmark == \-1) { perror("sockatmark"); break; } - +\& if (atmark) break; - +\& s = read(sockfd, buf, BUF_LEN); if (s == \-1) perror("read"); if (s <= 0) break; } - +\& if (atmark == 1) { if (recv(sockfd, &oobdata, 1, MSG_OOB) == \-1) { perror("recv"); diff --git a/man3/sscanf.3 b/man3/sscanf.3 index 4269eda27c..922c9e62de 100644 --- a/man3/sscanf.3 +++ b/man3/sscanf.3 @@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ the returned string, as in the following example: .EX char *p; int n; - +\& errno = 0; n = sscanf(str, "%m[a\-z]", &p); if (n == 1) { diff --git a/man3/stailq.3 b/man3/stailq.3 index ddbcccc83f..f0584beec9 100644 --- a/man3/stailq.3 +++ b/man3/stailq.3 @@ -316,39 +316,39 @@ BSD. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/queue.h> - +\& struct entry { int data; STAILQ_ENTRY(entry) entries; /* Singly linked tail queue */ }; - +\& STAILQ_HEAD(stailhead, entry); - +\& int main(void) { struct entry *n1, *n2, *n3, *np; struct stailhead head; /* Singly linked tail queue head */ - +\& STAILQ_INIT(&head); /* Initialize the queue */ - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the head */ STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the tail */ STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n2 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert after */ STAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&head, n1, n2, entries); - +\& STAILQ_REMOVE(&head, n2, entry, entries); /* Deletion */ free(n2); - +\& n3 = STAILQ_FIRST(&head); STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&head, entries); /* Deletion from the head */ free(n3); - +\& n1 = STAILQ_FIRST(&head); n1\->data = 0; for (unsigned int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { @@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ main(void) n1 = n2; } STAILQ_INIT(&head); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/static_assert.3 b/man3/static_assert.3 index f248375765..e01ff1d471 100644 --- a/man3/static_assert.3 +++ b/man3/static_assert.3 @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The following program uses the macro to get the size of an array safely. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& /* * This macro behaves like static_assert(), failing to * compile if its argument is not true. However, it always @@ -83,33 +83,33 @@ The following program uses the macro to get the size of an array safely. } \e ) \e ) - +\& #define is_same_type(a, b) \e __builtin_types_compatible_p(typeof(a), typeof(b)) - +\& #define is_array(arr) (!is_same_type((arr), &*(arr))) #define must_be_array(arr) must_be(is_array(arr)) - +\& #define sizeof_array(arr) (sizeof(arr) + must_be_array(arr)) #define nitems(arr) (sizeof((arr)) / sizeof((arr)[0]) \e + must_be_array(arr)) - +\& int foo[10]; int8_t bar[sizeof_array(foo)]; - +\& int main(void) { for (size_t i = 0; i < nitems(foo); i++) { foo[i] = i; } - +\& memcpy(bar, foo, sizeof_array(bar)); - +\& for (size_t i = 0; i < nitems(bar); i++) { printf("%d,", bar[i]); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/stdarg.3 b/man3/stdarg.3 index 59af5d58e4..68529802a1 100644 --- a/man3/stdarg.3 +++ b/man3/stdarg.3 @@ -261,16 +261,16 @@ with each format character based on the type. .EX #include <stdio.h> #include <stdarg.h> - +\& void foo(char *fmt, ...) /* \[aq]...\[aq] is C syntax for a variadic function */ - +\& { va_list ap; int d; char c; char *s; - +\& va_start(ap, fmt); while (*fmt) switch (*fmt++) { diff --git a/man3/stpncpy.3 b/man3/stpncpy.3 index 8e2af8c77b..e7367cf63f 100644 --- a/man3/stpncpy.3 +++ b/man3/stpncpy.3 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ strncpy(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src, size_t sz) stpncpy(dst, src, sz); return dst; } - +\& char * stpncpy(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src, size_t sz) { @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ instead of its size. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(void) { @@ -139,23 +139,23 @@ main(void) char buf1[20]; char buf2[20]; size_t len; - +\& if (sizeof(buf2) < strlen("Hello world!")) warnx("strncpy: truncating character sequence"); strncpy(buf2, "Hello world!", sizeof(buf2)); len = strnlen(buf2, sizeof(buf2)); - +\& printf("[len = %zu]: ", len); printf("%.*s\en", (int) len, buf2); // "Hello world!" - +\& if (sizeof(buf1) < strlen("Hello world!")) warnx("stpncpy: truncating character sequence"); p = stpncpy(buf1, "Hello world!", sizeof(buf1)); len = p \- buf1; - +\& printf("[len = %zu]: ", len); printf("%.*s\en", (int) len, buf1); // "Hello world!" - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strcmp.3 b/man3/strcmp.3 index 2a58c37e0c..a6cd2c7584 100644 --- a/man3/strcmp.3 +++ b/man3/strcmp.3 @@ -162,28 +162,28 @@ $ \fB./string_comp ABC AB 2\fP .\" SRC BEGIN (string_comp.c) .EX /* string_comp.c - +\& Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int res; - +\& if (argc < 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <str1> <str2> [<len>]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (argc == 3) res = strcmp(argv[1], argv[2]); else res = strncmp(argv[1], argv[2], atoi(argv[3])); - +\& if (res == 0) { printf("<str1> and <str2> are equal"); if (argc > 3) @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) } else { printf("<str1> is greater than <str2> (%d)\en", res); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strcpy.3 b/man3/strcpy.3 index 03ffeaedc6..74f67644c7 100644 --- a/man3/strcpy.3 +++ b/man3/strcpy.3 @@ -63,20 +63,20 @@ char * stpcpy(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src) { char *p; - +\& p = mempcpy(dst, src, strlen(src)); *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; - +\& return p; } - +\& char * strcpy(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src) { stpcpy(dst, src); return dst; } - +\& char * strcat(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src) { @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ Shlemiel the painter #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(void) { @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ main(void) char *buf1; char *buf2; size_t len, maxsize; - +\& maxsize = strlen("Hello ") + strlen("world") + strlen("!") + 1; buf1 = malloc(sizeof(*buf1) * maxsize); if (buf1 == NULL) @@ -176,26 +176,26 @@ main(void) buf2 = malloc(sizeof(*buf2) * maxsize); if (buf2 == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc()"); - +\& p = buf1; p = stpcpy(p, "Hello "); p = stpcpy(p, "world"); p = stpcpy(p, "!"); len = p \- buf1; - +\& printf("[len = %zu]: ", len); puts(buf1); // "Hello world!" free(buf1); - +\& strcpy(buf2, "Hello "); strcat(buf2, "world"); strcat(buf2, "!"); len = strlen(buf2); - +\& printf("[len = %zu]: ", len); puts(buf2); // "Hello world!" free(buf2); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strftime.3 b/man3/strftime.3 index 38bb8814bd..6d77faf14c 100644 --- a/man3/strftime.3 +++ b/man3/strftime.3 @@ -745,26 +745,26 @@ Result string is " 11" #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char outstr[200]; time_t t; struct tm *tmp; - +\& t = time(NULL); tmp = localtime(&t); if (tmp == NULL) { perror("localtime"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (strftime(outstr, sizeof(outstr), argv[1], tmp) == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "strftime returned 0"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& printf("Result string is \e"%s\e"\en", outstr); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } diff --git a/man3/strncat.3 b/man3/strncat.3 index 9a9fa4f4d2..266268199a 100644 --- a/man3/strncat.3 +++ b/man3/strncat.3 @@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ strncat(char *restrict dst, const char *restrict src, size_t sz) { int len; char *p; - +\& len = strnlen(src, sz); p = dst + strlen(dst); p = mempcpy(p, src, len); *p = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; - +\& return dst; } .EE @@ -93,34 +93,34 @@ Shlemiel the painter #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& #define nitems(arr) (sizeof((arr)) / sizeof((arr)[0])) - +\& int main(void) { size_t maxsize; - +\& // Null-padded fixed-width character sequences char pre[4] = "pre."; char new_post[50] = ".foo.bar"; - +\& // Strings char post[] = ".post"; char src[] = "some_long_body.post"; char *dest; - +\& maxsize = nitems(pre) + strlen(src) \- strlen(post) + nitems(new_post) + 1; dest = malloc(sizeof(*dest) * maxsize); if (dest == NULL) err(EXIT_FAILURE, "malloc()"); - +\& dest[0] = \[aq]\e0\[aq]; // There's no 'cpy' function to this 'cat'. strncat(dest, pre, nitems(pre)); strncat(dest, src, strlen(src) \- strlen(post)); strncat(dest, new_post, nitems(new_post)); - +\& puts(dest); // "pre.some_long_body.foo.bar" free(dest); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); diff --git a/man3/strptime.3 b/man3/strptime.3 index 69996f3989..0a1bf4c496 100644 --- a/man3/strptime.3 +++ b/man3/strptime.3 @@ -393,13 +393,13 @@ and #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <time.h> - +\& int main(void) { struct tm tm; char buf[255]; - +\& memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm)); strptime("2001\-11\-12 18:31:01", "%Y\-%m\-%d %H:%M:%S", &tm); strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d %b %Y %H:%M", &tm); diff --git a/man3/strsep.3 b/man3/strsep.3 index 6d7c661769..19caafeb1d 100644 --- a/man3/strsep.3 +++ b/man3/strsep.3 @@ -133,24 +133,24 @@ which, however, doesn't discard multiple delimiters or empty tokens: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *token, *subtoken; - +\& if (argc != 4) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s string delim subdelim\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (unsigned int j = 1; (token = strsep(&argv[1], argv[2])); j++) { printf("%u: %s\en", j, token); - +\& while ((subtoken = strsep(&token, argv[3]))) printf("\et \-\-> %s\en", subtoken); } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strtok.3 b/man3/strtok.3 index e990921106..b702e287a7 100644 --- a/man3/strtok.3 +++ b/man3/strtok.3 @@ -241,26 +241,26 @@ An example of the output produced by this program is the following: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *str1, *str2, *token, *subtoken; char *saveptr1, *saveptr2; int j; - +\& if (argc != 4) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s string delim subdelim\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& for (j = 1, str1 = argv[1]; ; j++, str1 = NULL) { token = strtok_r(str1, argv[2], &saveptr1); if (token == NULL) break; printf("%d: %s\en", j, token); - +\& for (str2 = token; ; str2 = NULL) { subtoken = strtok_r(str2, argv[3], &saveptr2); if (subtoken == NULL) @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) printf("\et \-\-> %s\en", subtoken); } } - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strtol.3 b/man3/strtol.3 index 3c5ddddb30..95b291ab8d 100644 --- a/man3/strtol.3 +++ b/man3/strtol.3 @@ -246,44 +246,44 @@ strtol: Numerical result out of range #include <limits.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int base; char *endptr, *str; long val; - +\& if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s str [base]\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& str = argv[1]; base = (argc > 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 0; - +\& errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */ val = strtol(str, &endptr, base); - +\& /* Check for various possible errors. */ - +\& if (errno != 0) { perror("strtol"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& if (endptr == str) { fprintf(stderr, "No digits were found\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number. */ - +\& printf("strtol() returned %ld\en", val); - +\& if (*endptr != \[aq]\e0\[aq]) /* Not necessarily an error... */ printf("Further characters after number: \e"%s\e"\en", endptr); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/strverscmp.3 b/man3/strverscmp.3 index ad781ab9a2..6cea27af4d 100644 --- a/man3/strverscmp.3 +++ b/man3/strverscmp.3 @@ -122,22 +122,22 @@ jan1 < jan10 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> - +\& int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int res; - +\& if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <string1> <string2>\en", argv[0]); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& res = strverscmp(argv[1], argv[2]); - +\& printf("%s %s %s\en", argv[1], (res < 0) ? "<" : (res == 0) ? "==" : ">", argv[2]); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/system.3 b/man3/system.3 index 867632bb3e..9bf432b09e 100644 --- a/man3/system.3 +++ b/man3/system.3 @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ For example: .EX while (something) { int ret = system("foo"); - +\& if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) && (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT)) break; diff --git a/man3/tailq.3 b/man3/tailq.3 index e57dd6438e..af34c5424f 100644 --- a/man3/tailq.3 +++ b/man3/tailq.3 @@ -341,35 +341,35 @@ without interfering with the traversal. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sys/queue.h> - +\& struct entry { int data; TAILQ_ENTRY(entry) entries; /* Tail queue */ }; - +\& TAILQ_HEAD(tailhead, entry); - +\& int main(void) { struct entry *n1, *n2, *n3, *np; struct tailhead head; /* Tail queue head */ int i; - +\& TAILQ_INIT(&head); /* Initialize the queue */ - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the head */ TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n1 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert at the tail */ TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&head, n1, entries); - +\& n2 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert after */ TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&head, n1, n2, entries); - +\& n3 = malloc(sizeof(struct entry)); /* Insert before */ TAILQ_INSERT_BEFORE(n2, n3, entries); - +\& TAILQ_REMOVE(&head, n2, entries); /* Deletion */ free(n2); /* Forward traversal */ @@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ main(void) n1 = n2; } TAILQ_INIT(&head); - +\& exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .EE diff --git a/man3/tsearch.3 b/man3/tsearch.3 index 35b0528861..958de6d2c1 100644 --- a/man3/tsearch.3 +++ b/man3/tsearch.3 @@ -278,21 +278,21 @@ in order. #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> - +\& static void *root = NULL; - +\& static void * xmalloc(size_t n) { void *p; - +\& p = malloc(n); if (p) return p; fprintf(stderr, "insufficient memory\en"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } - +\& static int compare(const void *pa, const void *pb) { @@ -302,12 +302,12 @@ compare(const void *pa, const void *pb) return 1; return 0; } - +\& static void action(const void *nodep, VISIT which, int depth) { int *datap; - +\& switch (which) { case preorder: break; @@ -323,13 +323,13 @@ action(const void *nodep, VISIT which, int depth) break; } } - +\& int main(void) { int *ptr; int **val; - +\& srand(time(NULL)); for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 12; i++) { ptr = xmalloc(sizeof(*ptr)); diff --git a/man3/wordexp.3 b/man3/wordexp.3 index 1a1f284bb1..2a9e0fa933 100644 --- a/man3/wordexp.3 +++ b/man3/wordexp.3 @@ -222,13 +222,13 @@ is approximately that of "ls [a-c]*.c". #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <wordexp.h> - +\& int main(void) { wordexp_t p; char **w; - +\& wordexp("[a\-c]*.c", &p, 0); w = p.we_wordv; for (size_t i = 0; i < p.we_wordc; i++) |