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-rw-r--r--man7/hier.798
1 files changed, 61 insertions, 37 deletions
diff --git a/man7/hier.7 b/man7/hier.7
index 7bb0323f2d..0ffe0428ff 100644
--- a/man7/hier.7
+++ b/man7/hier.7
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
.\" permission notice identical to this one.
-.\"
+.\"
.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
.\" professionally.
-.\"
+.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\" License.
@@ -33,22 +33,26 @@ hier \- Description of the file system hierarchy
A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories:
.TP
.I /
-This is the root directory. This is where the whole tree starts.
+This is the root directory.
+This is where the whole tree starts.
.TP
.I /bin
This directory contains executable programs which are needed in
single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it.
.TP
.I /boot
-Contains static files for the boot loader. This directory only holds
-the files which are needed during the boot process. The map installer
+Contains static files for the boot loader.
+This directory only holds
+the files which are needed during the boot process.
+The map installer
and configuration files should go to
.I /sbin
and
.IR /etc .
.TP
.I /dev
-Special or device files, which refer to physical devices. See
+Special or device files, which refer to physical devices.
+See
.BR mknod (1).
.TP
.I /dos
@@ -56,7 +60,8 @@ If both MS\-DOS and Linux are run on one computer, this is a typical
place to mount a DOS file system.
.TP
.I /etc
-Contains configuration files which are local to the machine. Some
+Contains configuration files which are local to the machine.
+Some
larger software packages, like X11, can have their own subdirectories
below
.IR /etc .
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ and you may have links for these files to
.TP
.I /etc/opt
Host-specific configuration files for add-on applications installed
-in
+in
.IR /opt .
.TP
.I /etc/sgml
@@ -84,7 +89,8 @@ Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional).
.TP
.I /home
On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath
-this directory, directly or not. The structure of this directory
+this directory, directly or not.
+The structure of this directory
depends on local administration decisions.
.TP
.I /lib
@@ -101,7 +107,8 @@ This directory should contain add-on packages that contain static files.
This is a mount point for the
.I proc
filesystem, which provides information about running processes and
-the kernel. This pseudo-file system is described in more detail in
+the kernel.
+This pseudo-file system is described in more detail in
.BR proc (5).
.TP
.I /root
@@ -118,8 +125,8 @@ This directory contains temporary files which may be deleted with no
notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up.
.TP
.I /usr
-This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition. It
-should hold only sharable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted
+This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition.
+It should hold only sharable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted
by various machines running Linux.
.TP
.I /usr/X11R6
@@ -136,18 +143,20 @@ Data files associated with the X\-Windows system.
.TP
.I /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X; Often, there is a
-symbolic link from
+symbolic link from
.I /usr/lib/X11
to this directory.
.TP
.I /usr/X11R6/include/X11
Contains include files needed for compiling programs using the X11
-window system. Often, there is a symbolic link from
+window system.
+Often, there is a symbolic link from
.I /usr/include/X11
to this directory.
.TP
.I /usr/bin
-This is the primary directory for executable programs. Most programs
+This is the primary directory for executable programs.
+Most programs
executed by normal users which are not needed for booting or for
repairing the system and which are not installed locally should be
placed in this directory.
@@ -167,10 +176,12 @@ Replaced by
.TP
.I /usr/etc
Site-wide configuration files to be shared between several machines
-may be stored in this directory. However, commands should always
+may be stored in this directory.
+However, commands should always
reference those files using the
.I /etc
-directory. Links from files in
+directory.
+Links from files in
.I /etc
should point to the appropriate files in
.IR /usr/etc .
@@ -182,12 +193,14 @@ Binaries for games and educational programs (optional).
Include files for the C compiler.
.TP
.I /usr/include/X11
-Include files for the C compiler and the X\-Windows system. This is
+Include files for the C compiler and the X\-Windows system.
+This is
usually a symbolic link to
.IR /usr/X11R6/include/X11 .
.TP
.I /usr/include/asm
-Include files which declare some assembler functions. This used to be a
+Include files which declare some assembler functions.
+This used to be a
symbolic link to
.IR /usr/src/linux/include/asm .
.TP
@@ -198,14 +211,17 @@ system release and used to be a symbolic link to
to get at operating system specific information.
(Note that one should have include files there that work correctly with
-the current libc and in user space. However, Linux kernel source is not
+the current libc and in user space.
+However, Linux kernel source is not
designed to be used with user programs and does not know anything
-about the libc you are using. It is very likely that things will break
+about the libc you are using.
+It is very likely that things will break
if you let
.I /usr/include/asm
and
.I /usr/include/linux
-point at a random kernel tree. Debian systems don't do this
+point at a random kernel tree.
+Debian systems don't do this
and use headers from a known good kernel
version, provided in the libc*-dev package.)
.TP
@@ -214,12 +230,14 @@ Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler.
.TP
.I /usr/lib
Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables
-which usually are not invoked directly. More complicated programs may
+which usually are not invoked directly.
+More complicated programs may
have whole subdirectories there.
.TP
.I /usr/lib/X11
The usual place for data files associated with X programs, and
-configuration files for the X system itself. On Linux, it usually is
+configuration files for the X system itself.
+On Linux, it usually is
a symbolic link to
.IR /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 .
.TP
@@ -231,7 +249,7 @@ contains executables and include files for the GNU C compiler,
Files for the GNU groff document formatting system.
.TP
.I /usr/lib/uucp
-Files for
+Files for
.BR uucp (1).
.TP
.I /usr/local
@@ -272,7 +290,7 @@ of the same OS.
Source code for locally installed software.
.TP
.I /usr/man
-Replaced by
+Replaced by
.IR /usr/share/man .
.TP
.I /usr/sbin
@@ -293,7 +311,7 @@ or
.TP
.I /usr/share/dict
Contains the word lists used by spell checkers.
-.TP
+.TP
.I /usr/share/doc
Documentation about installed programs.
.TP
@@ -311,8 +329,9 @@ Locale information goes here.
Manual pages go here in subdirectories according to the man page sections.
.TP
.I /usr/share/man/<locale>/man[1\-9]
-These directories contain manual pages for the specific locale in source code
-form. Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual pages
+These directories contain manual pages for the
+specific locale in source code form.
+Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual pages
may omit the <locale> substring.
.TP
.I /usr/share/misc
@@ -336,7 +355,8 @@ Files for timezone information.
.TP
.I /usr/src
Source files for different parts of the system, included with some packages
-for reference purposes. Don't work here with your own projects, as files
+for reference purposes.
+Don't work here with your own projects, as files
below /usr should be read-only except when installing software.
.TP
.I /usr/src/linux
@@ -345,7 +365,8 @@ Some distributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship.
You should probably use another directory when building your own kernel.
.TP
.I /usr/tmp
-Obsolete. This should be a link
+Obsolete.
+This should be a link
to
.IR /var/tmp .
This link is present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used.
@@ -368,7 +389,8 @@ Data cached for programs.
.TP
.IR /var/catman/cat[1\-9] " or " /var/cache/man/cat[1\-9]
These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to their
-man page section. (The use of preformatted manual pages is deprecated.)
+man page section.
+(The use of preformatted manual pages is deprecated.)
.TP
.I /var/cron
Reserved for historical reasons.
@@ -381,7 +403,8 @@ Variable data for
.IR /usr/local .
.TP
.I /var/lock
-Lock files are placed in this directory. The naming convention for
+Lock files are placed in this directory.
+The naming convention for
device lock files is
.I LCK..<device>
where
@@ -395,11 +418,12 @@ character.
Miscellaneous log files.
.TP
.I /var/opt
-Variable data for
+Variable data for
.IR /opt .
.TP
.I /var/mail
-Users' mailboxes. Replaces
+Users' mailboxes.
+Replaces
.IR /var/spool/mail .
.TP
.I /var/msgs
@@ -429,7 +453,7 @@ Spooled jobs for
Spooled files for printing.
.TP
.I /var/spool/mail
-Replaced by
+Replaced by
.IR /var/mail .
.TP
.I /var/spool/mqueue
@@ -439,7 +463,7 @@ Queued outgoing mail.
Spool directory for news.
.TP
.I /var/spool/rwho
-Spooled files for
+Spooled files for
.BR rwhod (8).
.TP
.I /var/spool/smail