An ASP.Net Validation Control typically derives from BaseValidator, which has both a Text property as well as a ErrorMessage property.
You can set either of these in your code behind. So given this validator:
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator id="myValidator"
ControlToValidate="TextBox1"
Display="Static"
Width="100%" runat=server />
In your code behind you can do this:
var errorText = "Some Text";
var errorMessage = "It's broken yo!";
myValidator.Text = errorText;
myValidator.ErrorMessage = errorMessage;
The Text property is what shows up directly in the control, and the ErrorMessage is what get's shown in the ValidationSummary