How to overload constructor of an Object in JS (Javascript)?

I like Ilya Volodins answer and I thought I would add this as an example:

function foo() {
    var evt = window.event || arguments[1] || arguments.callee.caller.arguments[0];
    var target = evt.target || evt.srcElement;

    var options = {};

    if (arguments[0]) options = arguments[0];

    var default_args = {
        'myNumber'      :   42,
        'myString'      :   'Hello',
        'myBoolean'     :   true
    }
    for (var index in default_args) {
        if (typeof options[index] == "undefined") options[index] = default_args[index];
    }

    //Do your thing

}

//then you call it like this
foo();

//or

foo({'myString' : 'World'});

//or

foo({'myNumber' : 666, 'myString' : 'World', 'myBoolean' : false});

There are probably nicer ways of doing this but this just one example.

Overload the constructor or any other Javascript function by counting the number of arguments:

function FooString()
{   if(arguments.length>0)
    {   this.str=arguments[0];
        return;
    }
    this.str="";
}

var s1=new FooString;
var s2=new FooString("hello world");

You can also set default arguments by detecting how many arguments are missing.

No you can't, JavaScript does not support overloading of any kind.

What you can do is either pass an object which has already been populated with the values into your constructor and then grab the values from the object, but this which duplicates code.

Or you can create a default constructor and add methods such as initFromUser or setFromForm which then take the respective parameters and setup the objects values, new User().initFormForm(form) looks pretty clean to me.

You can create constructor using ES6 features as below.

class Person {
  constructor(name, surname) {
    if (typeof name === "object") {
      this.name = name.name;
      this.surname = name.surname;
    } else {
      this.name = name;
      this.surname = surname;
    }
  }
}

const person1 = new Person("Rufat", "Gulabli");
const person2 = new Person({ name: "Rufat", surname: "Gulabli" });
const person3 = new Person();
console.log(person1);
console.log(person2);
console.log(person3);

Print Out:

• Person { name: 'Rufat', surname: 'Gulabli' }
• Person { name: 'Rufat', surname: 'Gulabli' }
• Person { name: undefined, surname: undefined }

You can easily simulate overloaded methods and constructors using a combination of JSON strings and the typeof command. See example below - you the val attribute gets shaped from the type of data coming in:

function test(vals)
    {
        this.initialise = function (vals) {

            if (typeof (vals) == 'undefined')
            {
                this.value = 10;
            }
            else if (Object.prototype.toString.call(vals) === '[object Array]')
            {
                this.value = vals[0];
            }
            else if (typeof (vals) === 'object') {
                if (vals.hasOwnProperty('x')) {
                    this.value = vals.x;
                }
                else if (vals.hasOwnProperty('y')) {
                    this.value = vals.y;
                }
            }
            else {
                this.value = vals; // e.g. it might be a string or number
            }

        }

        this.otherMethods = function () {
            // other methods in the class
        }

        this.initialise(vals);
    }

    var obj1 = test(); // obj1.val = 10;
    var obj2 = test([30, 40, 50]); // obj1.val = 30;
    var obj3 = test({ x: 60, y: 70 }); // obj1.val = 60;
    var obj4 = test({ y: 80 }); // obj1.val = 80;
    var obj5 = test('value'); // obj1.val = 'value';
    var obj6 = test(90); // obj1.val = 90;