How to insert data in multiple rows of temp tables in sql

Without knowing more about your tables, you can insert the first records like so...

INSERT INTO #tblCustomer (CustomerNumber)
select  c.CustomerNumber from Customer.Customer c

And then update the remaining columns this way...

UPDATE #tblCustomer 
    set #tblCustomer.Status = c.Status
from Customer.Customer c 
left outer join COM.StatusEngine_EntityStatus sees
    on c.Status = sees.EntityStatusId and sees.EntityId = 'CustomerStatus'
join COM.StatusEngine_Status ses
    on sees.Status = ses.Status
join #tblCustomer temp
    on c.CustomerNumber = temp.CustomerNumber

However doing it like this is really inefficient, you should strive to create an insert that updates all columns in one go.

You can do it like this (I have verified the code with the Northwind sample database from Microsoft - I have chosen that one since you can use it for each SQL server version since SQL 2000):

declare @NumberOfItems int = 10;

CREATE TABLE #tblCustomer (
     CustomerNumber  NVARCHAR(1000)
    ,Name NVARCHAR (1000)
    ,CustomerType NVARCHAR (1000))

insert into #tblCustomer
select CustomerNumber, Name, Status from (select top(@NumberOfItems) ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY CustomerID) as No, CustomerID as CustomerNumber from Customers) c
left join (select * from (select top(@NumberOfItems) ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY ContactName) as No, ContactName as Name from Customers) q2) j1 on c.No=j1.No
left join (select * from (select top(@NumberOfItems) ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY ContactTitle) as No, ContactTitle as Status from Customers) q3) j2 on c.No=j2.No

select * from #tblCustomer
drop table #tblCustomer

It will create a column with numbers from 1 to n for each element you want to import and then it joins it together.

The result of this query is:

Note: While this works, it is not the preferred way to do it, because there is no primary key - normally one would look for primary key / foreign key relationships to join the data together.

The way you're intending to fill it puts data together which doesn't necessarily belong together (here each column is sorted and then put together by its row number - i.e. it picks values from rows sorted by its extract column and then putting them together again).

If you have no primary key because you're importing data from other sources, you can add WHERE clauses to create a better connection between the inner and the outer select statements - you can find a nice article which might help you with such kind of subqueries here.

This is untested, however, I believe this is what you're after:

INSERT INTO #tblCustomer (CustomerNumber, [Status], CustomerType))
SELECT  c.CustomerNumber, ses.[Name], t.[Description]
FROM Customer.Customer c
     JOIN COM.StatusEngine_EntityStatus sees ON c.Status = sees.EntityStatusId --Changed to JOIN, as it is turned into a implicit INNER join by the next JOIN
                                            AND sees.EntityId = 'CustomerStatus'
     JOIN COM.StatusEngine_Status ses ON sees.[Status] = ses.[Status];

Note my comment regarding your LEFT OUTER JOIN, in that I've changed it to an INNER JOIN.

straight forward SQL here:

CREATE TABLE #tblCustomer 
(
    CustomerNumber  NVARCHAR(1000),
    Status NVARCHAR (1000),
    CustomerType NVARCHAR (1000)
)

INSERT INTO #tblCustomer (CustomerNumber, Status, CustomerType)
SELECT DISTINCT 
     c.CustomerNumber, 
     ses.Name, 
     t.Description  
FROM Customer.Customer c
LEFT OUTER JOIN COM.StatusEngine_EntityStatus sees 
    On c.Status = sees.EntityStatusId 
    And sees.EntityId = 'CustomerStatus' 
LEFT OUTER JOIN COM.StatusEngine_Status ses 
    On sees.Status = ses.Status
LEFT OUTER JOIN Customer.Type t 
    On c.TypeId = t.pkTypeId