Event Triggers

There are event triggers to control DDLs, trapping for the event sql_drop.

Call CREATE EVENT TRIGGER. In the trigger function, check to see if the object being dropped is one of your important columns. If so, raise exception to roll-back transaction.

The sql_drop event occurs just before the ddl_command_end event trigger for any operation that drops database objects. To list the objects that have been dropped, use the set-returning function pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects() from the sql_drop event trigger code (see Section 9.28). Note that the trigger is executed after the objects have been deleted from the system catalogs, so it's not possible to look them up anymore.

Example:

drop table if exists t;
drop event trigger if exists etg;
drop function if exists fetg();

create function fetg() returns event_trigger language plpgsql as $$
begin
  if exists (
    select 1
    from pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects() as t
    where
      t.object_type = 'table column' and
      t.object_identity like any(array['%.t.y', 'public.tt.zz']))
  then
    raise exception 'Columns t.y and public.tt.zz are important!';
  end if;
end $$;

create event trigger etg on sql_drop execute procedure fetg();

create table t(x int, y int);
alter table t drop column y;

More docs:
Events
Functions