postmaster.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * postmaster.c
 *    This program acts as a clearing house for requests to the
 *    POSTGRES system.  Frontend programs connect to the Postmaster,
 *    and postmaster forks a new backend process to handle the
 *    connection.
 *
 *    The postmaster also manages system-wide operations such as
 *    startup and shutdown. The postmaster itself doesn't do those
 *    operations, mind you --- it just forks off a subprocess to do them
 *    at the right times.  It also takes care of resetting the system
 *    if a backend crashes.
 *
 *    The postmaster process creates the shared memory and semaphore
 *    pools during startup, but as a rule does not touch them itself.
 *    In particular, it is not a member of the PGPROC array of backends
 *    and so it cannot participate in lock-manager operations.  Keeping
 *    the postmaster away from shared memory operations makes it simpler
 *    and more reliable.  The postmaster is almost always able to recover
 *    from crashes of individual backends by resetting shared memory;
 *    if it did much with shared memory then it would be prone to crashing
 *    along with the backends.
 *
 *    When a request message is received, we now fork() immediately.
 *    The child process performs authentication of the request, and
 *    then becomes a backend if successful.  This allows the auth code
 *    to be written in a simple single-threaded style (as opposed to the
 *    crufty "poor man's multitasking" code that used to be needed).
 *    More importantly, it ensures that blockages in non-multithreaded
 *    libraries like SSL or PAM cannot cause denial of service to other
 *    clients.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
 *
 * NOTES
 *
 * Initialization:
 *      The Postmaster sets up shared memory data structures
 *      for the backends.
 *
 * Synchronization:
 *      The Postmaster shares memory with the backends but should avoid
 *      touching shared memory, so as not to become stuck if a crashing
 *      backend screws up locks or shared memory.  Likewise, the Postmaster
 *      should never block on messages from frontend clients.
 *
 * Garbage Collection:
 *      The Postmaster cleans up after backends if they have an emergency
 *      exit and/or core dump.
 *
 * Error Reporting:
 *      Use write_stderr() only for reporting "interactive" errors
 *      (essentially, bogus arguments on the command line).  Once the
 *      postmaster is launched, use ereport().
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
 
#include "postgres.h"
 
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <limits.h>
 
#ifdef USE_BONJOUR
#include <dns_sd.h>
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
#include <systemd/sd-daemon.h>
#endif
 
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_IS_THREADED_NP
#include <pthread.h>
#endif
 
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "access/xlog_internal.h"
#include "access/xlogrecovery.h"
#include "common/file_perm.h"
#include "common/pg_prng.h"
#include "lib/ilist.h"
#include "libpq/libpq.h"
#include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
#include "pg_getopt.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "port/pg_bswap.h"
#include "postmaster/autovacuum.h"
#include "postmaster/bgworker_internals.h"
#include "postmaster/pgarch.h"
#include "postmaster/postmaster.h"
#include "postmaster/syslogger.h"
#include "postmaster/walsummarizer.h"
#include "replication/logicallauncher.h"
#include "replication/slotsync.h"
#include "replication/walsender.h"
#include "storage/aio_subsys.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/io_worker.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/pmsignal.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "tcop/backend_startup.h"
#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
#include "utils/datetime.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/pidfile.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"
 
#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
#include "common/file_utils.h"
#include "storage/pg_shmem.h"
#endif
 
 
/*
 * CountChildren and SignalChildren take a bitmask argument to represent
 * BackendTypes to count or signal.  Define a separate type and functions to
 * work with the bitmasks, to avoid accidentally passing a plain BackendType
 * in place of a bitmask or vice versa.
 */
typedef struct
{
    uint32      mask;
} BackendTypeMask;
 
StaticAssertDecl(BACKEND_NUM_TYPES < 32, "too many backend types for uint32");
 
static const BackendTypeMask BTYPE_MASK_ALL = {(1 << BACKEND_NUM_TYPES) - 1};
static const BackendTypeMask BTYPE_MASK_NONE = {0};
 
static inline BackendTypeMask
btmask(BackendType t)
{
    BackendTypeMask mask = {.mask = 1 << t};
 
    return mask;
}
 
static inline BackendTypeMask
btmask_add_n(BackendTypeMask mask, int nargs, BackendType *t)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
        mask.mask |= 1 << t[i];
    return mask;
}
 
#define btmask_add(mask, ...) \
    btmask_add_n(mask, \
        lengthof(((BackendType[]){__VA_ARGS__})), \
        (BackendType[]){__VA_ARGS__} \
    )
 
static inline BackendTypeMask
btmask_del(BackendTypeMask mask, BackendType t)
{
    mask.mask &= ~(1 << t);
    return mask;
}
 
static inline BackendTypeMask
btmask_all_except_n(int nargs, BackendType *t)
{
    BackendTypeMask mask = BTYPE_MASK_ALL;
 
    for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
        mask = btmask_del(mask, t[i]);
    return mask;
}
 
#define btmask_all_except(...) \
    btmask_all_except_n( \
        lengthof(((BackendType[]){__VA_ARGS__})), \
        (BackendType[]){__VA_ARGS__} \
    )
 
static inline bool
btmask_contains(BackendTypeMask mask, BackendType t)
{
    return (mask.mask & (1 << t)) != 0;
}
 
 
BackgroundWorker *MyBgworkerEntry = NULL;
 
/* The socket number we are listening for connections on */
int         PostPortNumber = DEF_PGPORT;
 
/* The directory names for Unix socket(s) */
char       *Unix_socket_directories;
 
/* The TCP listen address(es) */
char       *ListenAddresses;
 
/*
 * SuperuserReservedConnections is the number of backends reserved for
 * superuser use, and ReservedConnections is the number of backends reserved
 * for use by roles with privileges of the pg_use_reserved_connections
 * predefined role.  These are taken out of the pool of MaxConnections backend
 * slots, so the number of backend slots available for roles that are neither
 * superuser nor have privileges of pg_use_reserved_connections is
 * (MaxConnections - SuperuserReservedConnections - ReservedConnections).
 *
 * If the number of remaining slots is less than or equal to
 * SuperuserReservedConnections, only superusers can make new connections.  If
 * the number of remaining slots is greater than SuperuserReservedConnections
 * but less than or equal to
 * (SuperuserReservedConnections + ReservedConnections), only superusers and
 * roles with privileges of pg_use_reserved_connections can make new
 * connections.  Note that pre-existing superuser and
 * pg_use_reserved_connections connections don't count against the limits.
 */
int         SuperuserReservedConnections;
int         ReservedConnections;
 
/* The socket(s) we're listening to. */
#define MAXLISTEN   64
static int  NumListenSockets = 0;
static pgsocket *ListenSockets = NULL;
 
/* still more option variables */
bool        EnableSSL = false;
 
int         PreAuthDelay = 0;
int         AuthenticationTimeout = 60;
 
bool        log_hostname;       /* for ps display and logging */
 
bool        enable_bonjour = false;
char       *bonjour_name;
bool        restart_after_crash = true;
bool        remove_temp_files_after_crash = true;
 
/*
 * When terminating child processes after fatal errors, like a crash of a
 * child process, we normally send SIGQUIT -- and most other comments in this
 * file are written on the assumption that we do -- but developers might
 * prefer to use SIGABRT to collect per-child core dumps.
 */
bool        send_abort_for_crash = false;
bool        send_abort_for_kill = false;
 
/* special child processes; NULL when not running */
static PMChild *StartupPMChild = NULL,
           *BgWriterPMChild = NULL,
           *CheckpointerPMChild = NULL,
           *WalWriterPMChild = NULL,
           *WalReceiverPMChild = NULL,
           *WalSummarizerPMChild = NULL,
           *AutoVacLauncherPMChild = NULL,
           *PgArchPMChild = NULL,
           *SysLoggerPMChild = NULL,
           *SlotSyncWorkerPMChild = NULL;
 
/* Startup process's status */
typedef enum
{
    STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING,
    STARTUP_RUNNING,
    STARTUP_SIGNALED,           /* we sent it a SIGQUIT or SIGKILL */
    STARTUP_CRASHED,
} StartupStatusEnum;
 
static StartupStatusEnum StartupStatus = STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING;
 
/* Startup/shutdown state */
#define         NoShutdown      0
#define         SmartShutdown   1
#define         FastShutdown    2
#define         ImmediateShutdown   3
 
static int  Shutdown = NoShutdown;
 
static bool FatalError = false; /* T if recovering from backend crash */
 
/*
 * We use a simple state machine to control startup, shutdown, and
 * crash recovery (which is rather like shutdown followed by startup).
 *
 * After doing all the postmaster initialization work, we enter PM_STARTUP
 * state and the startup process is launched. The startup process begins by
 * reading the control file and other preliminary initialization steps.
 * In a normal startup, or after crash recovery, the startup process exits
 * with exit code 0 and we switch to PM_RUN state.  However, archive recovery
 * is handled specially since it takes much longer and we would like to support
 * hot standby during archive recovery.
 *
 * When the startup process is ready to start archive recovery, it signals the
 * postmaster, and we switch to PM_RECOVERY state. The background writer and
 * checkpointer are launched, while the startup process continues applying WAL.
 * If Hot Standby is enabled, then, after reaching a consistent point in WAL
 * redo, startup process signals us again, and we switch to PM_HOT_STANDBY
 * state and begin accepting connections to perform read-only queries.  When
 * archive recovery is finished, the startup process exits with exit code 0
 * and we switch to PM_RUN state.
 *
 * Normal child backends can only be launched when we are in PM_RUN or
 * PM_HOT_STANDBY state.  (connsAllowed can also restrict launching.)
 * In other states we handle connection requests by launching "dead-end"
 * child processes, which will simply send the client an error message and
 * quit.  (We track these in the ActiveChildList so that we can know when they
 * are all gone; this is important because they're still connected to shared
 * memory, and would interfere with an attempt to destroy the shmem segment,
 * possibly leading to SHMALL failure when we try to make a new one.)
 * In PM_WAIT_DEAD_END state we are waiting for all the dead-end children
 * to drain out of the system, and therefore stop accepting connection
 * requests at all until the last existing child has quit (which hopefully
 * will not be very long).
 *
 * Notice that this state variable does not distinguish *why* we entered
 * states later than PM_RUN --- Shutdown and FatalError must be consulted
 * to find that out.  FatalError is never true in PM_RECOVERY, PM_HOT_STANDBY,
 * or PM_RUN states, nor in PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN states (because we don't
 * enter those states when trying to recover from a crash).  It can be true in
 * PM_STARTUP state, because we don't clear it until we've successfully
 * started WAL redo.
 */
typedef enum
{
    PM_INIT,                    /* postmaster starting */
    PM_STARTUP,                 /* waiting for startup subprocess */
    PM_RECOVERY,                /* in archive recovery mode */
    PM_HOT_STANDBY,             /* in hot standby mode */
    PM_RUN,                     /* normal "database is alive" state */
    PM_STOP_BACKENDS,           /* need to stop remaining backends */
    PM_WAIT_BACKENDS,           /* waiting for live backends to exit */
    PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN,      /* waiting for checkpointer to do shutdown
                                 * ckpt */
    PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL,      /* waiting for archiver and walsenders to
                                 * finish */
    PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS,         /* waiting for io workers to exit */
    PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER,       /* waiting for checkpointer to shut down */
    PM_WAIT_DEAD_END,           /* waiting for dead-end children to exit */
    PM_NO_CHILDREN,             /* all important children have exited */
} PMState;
 
static PMState pmState = PM_INIT;
 
/*
 * While performing a "smart shutdown", we restrict new connections but stay
 * in PM_RUN or PM_HOT_STANDBY state until all the client backends are gone.
 * connsAllowed is a sub-state indicator showing the active restriction.
 * It is of no interest unless pmState is PM_RUN or PM_HOT_STANDBY.
 */
static bool connsAllowed = true;
 
/* Start time of SIGKILL timeout during immediate shutdown or child crash */
/* Zero means timeout is not running */
static time_t AbortStartTime = 0;
 
/* Length of said timeout */
#define SIGKILL_CHILDREN_AFTER_SECS     5
 
static bool ReachedNormalRunning = false;   /* T if we've reached PM_RUN */
 
bool        ClientAuthInProgress = false;   /* T during new-client
                                             * authentication */
 
bool        redirection_done = false;   /* stderr redirected for syslogger? */
 
/* received START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER signal */
static bool start_autovac_launcher = false;
 
/* the launcher needs to be signaled to communicate some condition */
static bool avlauncher_needs_signal = false;
 
/* received START_WALRECEIVER signal */
static bool WalReceiverRequested = false;
 
/* set when there's a worker that needs to be started up */
static bool StartWorkerNeeded = true;
static bool HaveCrashedWorker = false;
 
/* set when signals arrive */
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_pmsignal;
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_child_exit;
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_reload_request;
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_shutdown_request;
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_fast_shutdown_request;
static volatile sig_atomic_t pending_pm_immediate_shutdown_request;
 
/* event multiplexing object */
static WaitEventSet *pm_wait_set;
 
#ifdef USE_SSL
/* Set when and if SSL has been initialized properly */
bool        LoadedSSL = false;
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_BONJOUR
static DNSServiceRef bonjour_sdref = NULL;
#endif
 
/* State for IO worker management. */
static int  io_worker_count = 0;
static PMChild *io_worker_children[MAX_IO_WORKERS];
 
/*
 * postmaster.c - function prototypes
 */
static void CloseServerPorts(int status, Datum arg);
static void unlink_external_pid_file(int status, Datum arg);
static void getInstallationPaths(const char *argv0);
static void checkControlFile(void);
static void handle_pm_pmsignal_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void handle_pm_child_exit_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void handle_pm_reload_request_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void handle_pm_shutdown_request_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void process_pm_pmsignal(void);
static void process_pm_child_exit(void);
static void process_pm_reload_request(void);
static void process_pm_shutdown_request(void);
static void dummy_handler(SIGNAL_ARGS);
static void CleanupBackend(PMChild *bp, int exitstatus);
static void HandleChildCrash(int pid, int exitstatus, const char *procname);
static void LogChildExit(int lev, const char *procname,
                         int pid, int exitstatus);
static void PostmasterStateMachine(void);
static void UpdatePMState(PMState newState);
 
pg_noreturn static void ExitPostmaster(int status);
static int  ServerLoop(void);
static int  BackendStartup(ClientSocket *client_sock);
static void report_fork_failure_to_client(ClientSocket *client_sock, int errnum);
static CAC_state canAcceptConnections(BackendType backend_type);
static void signal_child(PMChild *pmchild, int signal);
static bool SignalChildren(int signal, BackendTypeMask targetMask);
static void TerminateChildren(int signal);
static int  CountChildren(BackendTypeMask targetMask);
static void LaunchMissingBackgroundProcesses(void);
static void maybe_start_bgworkers(void);
static bool maybe_reap_io_worker(int pid);
static void maybe_adjust_io_workers(void);
static bool CreateOptsFile(int argc, char *argv[], char *fullprogname);
static PMChild *StartChildProcess(BackendType type);
static void StartSysLogger(void);
static void StartAutovacuumWorker(void);
static bool StartBackgroundWorker(RegisteredBgWorker *rw);
static void InitPostmasterDeathWatchHandle(void);
 
#ifdef WIN32
#define WNOHANG 0               /* ignored, so any integer value will do */
 
static pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *exitstatus, int options);
static void WINAPI pgwin32_deadchild_callback(PVOID lpParameter, BOOLEAN TimerOrWaitFired);
 
static HANDLE win32ChildQueue;
 
typedef struct
{
    HANDLE      waitHandle;
    HANDLE      procHandle;
    DWORD       procId;
} win32_deadchild_waitinfo;
#endif                          /* WIN32 */
 
/* Macros to check exit status of a child process */
#define EXIT_STATUS_0(st)  ((st) == 0)
#define EXIT_STATUS_1(st)  (WIFEXITED(st) && WEXITSTATUS(st) == 1)
#define EXIT_STATUS_3(st)  (WIFEXITED(st) && WEXITSTATUS(st) == 3)
 
#ifndef WIN32
/*
 * File descriptors for pipe used to monitor if postmaster is alive.
 * First is POSTMASTER_FD_WATCH, second is POSTMASTER_FD_OWN.
 */
int         postmaster_alive_fds[2] = {-1, -1};
#else
/* Process handle of postmaster used for the same purpose on Windows */
HANDLE      PostmasterHandle;
#endif
 
/*
 * Postmaster main entry point
 */
void
PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int         opt;
    int         status;
    char       *userDoption = NULL;
    bool        listen_addr_saved = false;
    char       *output_config_variable = NULL;
 
    InitProcessGlobals();
 
    PostmasterPid = MyProcPid;
 
    IsPostmasterEnvironment = true;
 
    /*
     * Start our win32 signal implementation
     */
#ifdef WIN32
    pgwin32_signal_initialize();
#endif
 
    /*
     * We should not be creating any files or directories before we check the
     * data directory (see checkDataDir()), but just in case set the umask to
     * the most restrictive (owner-only) permissions.
     *
     * checkDataDir() will reset the umask based on the data directory
     * permissions.
     */
    umask(PG_MODE_MASK_OWNER);
 
    /*
     * By default, palloc() requests in the postmaster will be allocated in
     * the PostmasterContext, which is space that can be recycled by backends.
     * Allocated data that needs to be available to backends should be
     * allocated in TopMemoryContext.
     */
    PostmasterContext = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                                              "Postmaster",
                                              ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(PostmasterContext);
 
    /* Initialize paths to installation files */
    getInstallationPaths(argv[0]);
 
    /*
     * Set up signal handlers for the postmaster process.
     *
     * CAUTION: when changing this list, check for side-effects on the signal
     * handling setup of child processes.  See tcop/postgres.c,
     * bootstrap/bootstrap.c, postmaster/bgwriter.c, postmaster/walwriter.c,
     * postmaster/autovacuum.c, postmaster/pgarch.c, postmaster/syslogger.c,
     * postmaster/bgworker.c and postmaster/checkpointer.c.
     */
    pqinitmask();
    sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &BlockSig, NULL);
 
    pqsignal(SIGHUP, handle_pm_reload_request_signal);
    pqsignal(SIGINT, handle_pm_shutdown_request_signal);
    pqsignal(SIGQUIT, handle_pm_shutdown_request_signal);
    pqsignal(SIGTERM, handle_pm_shutdown_request_signal);
    pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN); /* ignored */
    pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); /* ignored */
    pqsignal(SIGUSR1, handle_pm_pmsignal_signal);
    pqsignal(SIGUSR2, dummy_handler);   /* unused, reserve for children */
    pqsignal(SIGCHLD, handle_pm_child_exit_signal);
 
    /* This may configure SIGURG, depending on platform. */
    InitializeWaitEventSupport();
    InitProcessLocalLatch();
 
    /*
     * No other place in Postgres should touch SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU handling.  We
     * ignore those signals in a postmaster environment, so that there is no
     * risk of a child process freezing up due to writing to stderr.  But for
     * a standalone backend, their default handling is reasonable.  Hence, all
     * child processes should just allow the inherited settings to stand.
     */
#ifdef SIGTTIN
    pqsignal(SIGTTIN, SIG_IGN); /* ignored */
#endif
#ifdef SIGTTOU
    pqsignal(SIGTTOU, SIG_IGN); /* ignored */
#endif
 
    /* ignore SIGXFSZ, so that ulimit violations work like disk full */
#ifdef SIGXFSZ
    pqsignal(SIGXFSZ, SIG_IGN); /* ignored */
#endif
 
    /* Begin accepting signals. */
    sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &UnBlockSig, NULL);
 
    /*
     * Options setup
     */
    InitializeGUCOptions();
 
    opterr = 1;
 
    /*
     * Parse command-line options.  CAUTION: keep this in sync with
     * tcop/postgres.c (the option sets should not conflict) and with the
     * common help() function in main/main.c.
     */
    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lN:OPp:r:S:sTt:W:-:")) != -1)
    {
        switch (opt)
        {
            case 'B':
                SetConfigOption("shared_buffers", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'b':
                /* Undocumented flag used for binary upgrades */
                IsBinaryUpgrade = true;
                break;
 
            case 'C':
                output_config_variable = strdup(optarg);
                break;
 
            case '-':
 
                /*
                 * Error if the user misplaced a special must-be-first option
                 * for dispatching to a subprogram.  parse_dispatch_option()
                 * returns DISPATCH_POSTMASTER if it doesn't find a match, so
                 * error for anything else.
                 */
                if (parse_dispatch_option(optarg) != DISPATCH_POSTMASTER)
                    ereport(ERROR,
                            (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                             errmsg("--%s must be first argument", optarg)));
 
                /* FALLTHROUGH */
            case 'c':
                {
                    char       *name,
                               *value;
 
                    ParseLongOption(optarg, &name, &value);
                    if (!value)
                    {
                        if (opt == '-')
                            ereport(ERROR,
                                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                                     errmsg("--%s requires a value",
                                            optarg)));
                        else
                            ereport(ERROR,
                                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                                     errmsg("-c %s requires a value",
                                            optarg)));
                    }
 
                    SetConfigOption(name, value, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                    pfree(name);
                    pfree(value);
                    break;
                }
 
            case 'D':
                userDoption = strdup(optarg);
                break;
 
            case 'd':
                set_debug_options(atoi(optarg), PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'E':
                SetConfigOption("log_statement", "all", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'e':
                SetConfigOption("datestyle", "euro", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'F':
                SetConfigOption("fsync", "false", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'f':
                if (!set_plan_disabling_options(optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV))
                {
                    write_stderr("%s: invalid argument for option -f: \"%s\"\n",
                                 progname, optarg);
                    ExitPostmaster(1);
                }
                break;
 
            case 'h':
                SetConfigOption("listen_addresses", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'i':
                SetConfigOption("listen_addresses", "*", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'j':
                /* only used by interactive backend */
                break;
 
            case 'k':
                SetConfigOption("unix_socket_directories", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'l':
                SetConfigOption("ssl", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'N':
                SetConfigOption("max_connections", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'O':
                SetConfigOption("allow_system_table_mods", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'P':
                SetConfigOption("ignore_system_indexes", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'p':
                SetConfigOption("port", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'r':
                /* only used by single-user backend */
                break;
 
            case 'S':
                SetConfigOption("work_mem", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 's':
                SetConfigOption("log_statement_stats", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 'T':
 
                /*
                 * This option used to be defined as sending SIGSTOP after a
                 * backend crash, but sending SIGABRT seems more useful.
                 */
                SetConfigOption("send_abort_for_crash", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            case 't':
                {
                    const char *tmp = get_stats_option_name(optarg);
 
                    if (tmp)
                    {
                        SetConfigOption(tmp, "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        write_stderr("%s: invalid argument for option -t: \"%s\"\n",
                                     progname, optarg);
                        ExitPostmaster(1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
 
            case 'W':
                SetConfigOption("post_auth_delay", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
 
            default:
                write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
                             progname);
                ExitPostmaster(1);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Postmaster accepts no non-option switch arguments.
     */
    if (optind < argc)
    {
        write_stderr("%s: invalid argument: \"%s\"\n",
                     progname, argv[optind]);
        write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
                     progname);
        ExitPostmaster(1);
    }
 
    /*
     * Locate the proper configuration files and data directory, and read
     * postgresql.conf for the first time.
     */
    if (!SelectConfigFiles(userDoption, progname))
        ExitPostmaster(2);
 
    if (output_config_variable != NULL)
    {
        /*
         * If this is a runtime-computed GUC, it hasn't yet been initialized,
         * and the present value is not useful.  However, this is a convenient
         * place to print the value for most GUCs because it is safe to run
         * postmaster startup to this point even if the server is already
         * running.  For the handful of runtime-computed GUCs that we cannot
         * provide meaningful values for yet, we wait until later in
         * postmaster startup to print the value.  We won't be able to use -C
         * on running servers for those GUCs, but using this option now would
         * lead to incorrect results for them.
         */
        int         flags = GetConfigOptionFlags(output_config_variable, true);
 
        if ((flags & GUC_RUNTIME_COMPUTED) == 0)
        {
            /*
             * "-C guc" was specified, so print GUC's value and exit.  No
             * extra permission check is needed because the user is reading
             * inside the data dir.
             */
            const char *config_val = GetConfigOption(output_config_variable,
                                                     false, false);
 
            puts(config_val ? config_val : "");
            ExitPostmaster(0);
        }
 
        /*
         * A runtime-computed GUC will be printed later on.  As we initialize
         * a server startup sequence, silence any log messages that may show
         * up in the output generated.  FATAL and more severe messages are
         * useful to show, even if one would only expect at least PANIC.  LOG
         * entries are hidden.
         */
        SetConfigOption("log_min_messages", "FATAL", PGC_SUSET,
                        PGC_S_OVERRIDE);
    }
 
    /* Verify that DataDir looks reasonable */
    checkDataDir();
 
    /* Check that pg_control exists */
    checkControlFile();
 
    /* And switch working directory into it */
    ChangeToDataDir();
 
    /*
     * Check for invalid combinations of GUC settings.
     */
    if (SuperuserReservedConnections + ReservedConnections >= MaxConnections)
    {
        write_stderr("%s: \"superuser_reserved_connections\" (%d) plus \"reserved_connections\" (%d) must be less than \"max_connections\" (%d)\n",
                     progname,
                     SuperuserReservedConnections, ReservedConnections,
                     MaxConnections);
        ExitPostmaster(1);
    }
    if (XLogArchiveMode > ARCHIVE_MODE_OFF && wal_level == WAL_LEVEL_MINIMAL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errmsg("WAL archival cannot be enabled when \"wal_level\" is \"minimal\"")));
    if (max_wal_senders > 0 && wal_level == WAL_LEVEL_MINIMAL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errmsg("WAL streaming (\"max_wal_senders\" > 0) requires \"wal_level\" to be \"replica\" or \"logical\"")));
    if (summarize_wal && wal_level == WAL_LEVEL_MINIMAL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errmsg("WAL cannot be summarized when \"wal_level\" is \"minimal\"")));
    if (sync_replication_slots && wal_level < WAL_LEVEL_LOGICAL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errmsg("replication slot synchronization (\"sync_replication_slots\" = on) requires \"wal_level\" >= \"logical\"")));
 
    /*
     * Other one-time internal sanity checks can go here, if they are fast.
     * (Put any slow processing further down, after postmaster.pid creation.)
     */
    if (!CheckDateTokenTables())
    {
        write_stderr("%s: invalid datetoken tables, please fix\n", progname);
        ExitPostmaster(1);
    }
 
    /*
     * Now that we are done processing the postmaster arguments, reset
     * getopt(3) library so that it will work correctly in subprocesses.
     */
    optind = 1;
#ifdef HAVE_INT_OPTRESET
    optreset = 1;               /* some systems need this too */
#endif
 
    /* For debugging: display postmaster environment */
    if (message_level_is_interesting(DEBUG3))
    {
#if !defined(WIN32)
        extern char **environ;
#endif
        char      **p;
        StringInfoData si;
 
        initStringInfo(&si);
 
        appendStringInfoString(&si, "initial environment dump:");
        for (p = environ; *p; ++p)
            appendStringInfo(&si, "\n%s", *p);
 
        ereport(DEBUG3, errmsg_internal("%s", si.data));
        pfree(si.data);
    }
 
    /*
     * Create lockfile for data directory.
     *
     * We want to do this before we try to grab the input sockets, because the
     * data directory interlock is more reliable than the socket-file
     * interlock (thanks to whoever decided to put socket files in /tmp :-().
     * For the same reason, it's best to grab the TCP socket(s) before the
     * Unix socket(s).
     *
     * Also note that this internally sets up the on_proc_exit function that
     * is responsible for removing both data directory and socket lockfiles;
     * so it must happen before opening sockets so that at exit, the socket
     * lockfiles go away after CloseServerPorts runs.
     */
    CreateDataDirLockFile(true);
 
    /*
     * Read the control file (for error checking and config info).
     *
     * Since we verify the control file's CRC, this has a useful side effect
     * on machines where we need a run-time test for CRC support instructions.
     * The postmaster will do the test once at startup, and then its child
     * processes will inherit the correct function pointer and not need to
     * repeat the test.
     */
    LocalProcessControlFile(false);
 
    /*
     * Register the apply launcher.  It's probably a good idea to call this
     * before any modules had a chance to take the background worker slots.
     */
    ApplyLauncherRegister();
 
    /*
     * process any libraries that should be preloaded at postmaster start
     */
    process_shared_preload_libraries();
 
    /*
     * Initialize SSL library, if specified.
     */
#ifdef USE_SSL
    if (EnableSSL)
    {
        (void) secure_initialize(true);
        LoadedSSL = true;
    }
#endif
 
    /*
     * Now that loadable modules have had their chance to alter any GUCs,
     * calculate MaxBackends and initialize the machinery to track child
     * processes.
     */
    InitializeMaxBackends();
    InitPostmasterChildSlots();
 
    /*
     * Calculate the size of the PGPROC fast-path lock arrays.
     */
    InitializeFastPathLocks();
 
    /*
     * Give preloaded libraries a chance to request additional shared memory.
     */
    process_shmem_requests();
 
    /*
     * Now that loadable modules have had their chance to request additional
     * shared memory, determine the value of any runtime-computed GUCs that
     * depend on the amount of shared memory required.
     */
    InitializeShmemGUCs();
 
    /*
     * Now that modules have been loaded, we can process any custom resource
     * managers specified in the wal_consistency_checking GUC.
     */
    InitializeWalConsistencyChecking();
 
    /*
     * If -C was specified with a runtime-computed GUC, we held off printing
     * the value earlier, as the GUC was not yet initialized.  We handle -C
     * for most GUCs before we lock the data directory so that the option may
     * be used on a running server.  However, a handful of GUCs are runtime-
     * computed and do not have meaningful values until after locking the data
     * directory, and we cannot safely calculate their values earlier on a
     * running server.  At this point, such GUCs should be properly
     * initialized, and we haven't yet set up shared memory, so this is a good
     * time to handle the -C option for these special GUCs.
     */
    if (output_config_variable != NULL)
    {
        const char *config_val = GetConfigOption(output_config_variable,
                                                 false, false);
 
        puts(config_val ? config_val : "");
        ExitPostmaster(0);
    }
 
    /*
     * Set up shared memory and semaphores.
     *
     * Note: if using SysV shmem and/or semas, each postmaster startup will
     * normally choose the same IPC keys.  This helps ensure that we will
     * clean up dead IPC objects if the postmaster crashes and is restarted.
     */
    CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();
 
    /*
     * Estimate number of openable files.  This must happen after setting up
     * semaphores, because on some platforms semaphores count as open files.
     */
    set_max_safe_fds();
 
    /*
     * Initialize pipe (or process handle on Windows) that allows children to
     * wake up from sleep on postmaster death.
     */
    InitPostmasterDeathWatchHandle();
 
#ifdef WIN32
 
    /*
     * Initialize I/O completion port used to deliver list of dead children.
     */
    win32ChildQueue = CreateIoCompletionPort(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL, 0, 1);
    if (win32ChildQueue == NULL)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg("could not create I/O completion port for child queue")));
#endif
 
#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
    /* Write out nondefault GUC settings for child processes to use */
    write_nondefault_variables(PGC_POSTMASTER);
 
    /*
     * Clean out the temp directory used to transmit parameters to child
     * processes (see internal_forkexec).  We must do this before launching
     * any child processes, else we have a race condition: we could remove a
     * parameter file before the child can read it.  It should be safe to do
     * so now, because we verified earlier that there are no conflicting
     * Postgres processes in this data directory.
     */
    RemovePgTempFilesInDir(PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR, true, false);
#endif
 
    /*
     * Forcibly remove the files signaling a standby promotion request.
     * Otherwise, the existence of those files triggers a promotion too early,
     * whether a user wants that or not.
     *
     * This removal of files is usually unnecessary because they can exist
     * only during a few moments during a standby promotion. However there is
     * a race condition: if pg_ctl promote is executed and creates the files
     * during a promotion, the files can stay around even after the server is
     * brought up to be the primary.  Then, if a new standby starts by using
     * the backup taken from the new primary, the files can exist at server
     * startup and must be removed in order to avoid an unexpected promotion.
     *
     * Note that promotion signal files need to be removed before the startup
     * process is invoked. Because, after that, they can be used by
     * postmaster's SIGUSR1 signal handler.
     */
    RemovePromoteSignalFiles();
 
    /* Do the same for logrotate signal file */
    RemoveLogrotateSignalFiles();
 
    /* Remove any outdated file holding the current log filenames. */
    if (unlink(LOG_METAINFO_DATAFILE) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
        ereport(LOG,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m",
                        LOG_METAINFO_DATAFILE)));
 
    /*
     * If enabled, start up syslogger collection subprocess
     */
    if (Logging_collector)
        StartSysLogger();
 
    /*
     * Reset whereToSendOutput from DestDebug (its starting state) to
     * DestNone. This stops ereport from sending log messages to stderr unless
     * Log_destination permits.  We don't do this until the postmaster is
     * fully launched, since startup failures may as well be reported to
     * stderr.
     *
     * If we are in fact disabling logging to stderr, first emit a log message
     * saying so, to provide a breadcrumb trail for users who may not remember
     * that their logging is configured to go somewhere else.
     */
    if (!(Log_destination & LOG_DESTINATION_STDERR))
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("ending log output to stderr"),
                 errhint("Future log output will go to log destination \"%s\".",
                         Log_destination_string)));
 
    whereToSendOutput = DestNone;
 
    /*
     * Report server startup in log.  While we could emit this much earlier,
     * it seems best to do so after starting the log collector, if we intend
     * to use one.
     */
    ereport(LOG,
            (errmsg("starting %s", PG_VERSION_STR)));
 
    /*
     * Establish input sockets.
     *
     * First set up an on_proc_exit function that's charged with closing the
     * sockets again at postmaster shutdown.
     */
    ListenSockets = palloc(MAXLISTEN * sizeof(pgsocket));
    on_proc_exit(CloseServerPorts, 0);
 
    if (ListenAddresses)
    {
        char       *rawstring;
        List       *elemlist;
        ListCell   *l;
        int         success = 0;
 
        /* Need a modifiable copy of ListenAddresses */
        rawstring = pstrdup(ListenAddresses);
 
        /* Parse string into list of hostnames */
        if (!SplitGUCList(rawstring, ',', &elemlist))
        {
            /* syntax error in list */
            ereport(FATAL,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                     errmsg("invalid list syntax in parameter \"%s\"",
                            "listen_addresses")));
        }
 
        foreach(l, elemlist)
        {
            char       *curhost = (char *) lfirst(l);
 
            if (strcmp(curhost, "*") == 0)
                status = ListenServerPort(AF_UNSPEC, NULL,
                                          (unsigned short) PostPortNumber,
                                          NULL,
                                          ListenSockets,
                                          &NumListenSockets,
                                          MAXLISTEN);
            else
                status = ListenServerPort(AF_UNSPEC, curhost,
                                          (unsigned short) PostPortNumber,
                                          NULL,
                                          ListenSockets,
                                          &NumListenSockets,
                                          MAXLISTEN);
 
            if (status == STATUS_OK)
            {
                success++;
                /* record the first successful host addr in lockfile */
                if (!listen_addr_saved)
                {
                    AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_LISTEN_ADDR, curhost);
                    listen_addr_saved = true;
                }
            }
            else
                ereport(WARNING,
                        (errmsg("could not create listen socket for \"%s\"",
                                curhost)));
        }
 
        if (!success && elemlist != NIL)
            ereport(FATAL,
                    (errmsg("could not create any TCP/IP sockets")));
 
        list_free(elemlist);
        pfree(rawstring);
    }
 
#ifdef USE_BONJOUR
    /* Register for Bonjour only if we opened TCP socket(s) */
    if (enable_bonjour && NumListenSockets > 0)
    {
        DNSServiceErrorType err;
 
        /*
         * We pass 0 for interface_index, which will result in registering on
         * all "applicable" interfaces.  It's not entirely clear from the
         * DNS-SD docs whether this would be appropriate if we have bound to
         * just a subset of the available network interfaces.
         */
        err = DNSServiceRegister(&bonjour_sdref,
                                 0,
                                 0,
                                 bonjour_name,
                                 "_postgresql._tcp.",
                                 NULL,
                                 NULL,
                                 pg_hton16(PostPortNumber),
                                 0,
                                 NULL,
                                 NULL,
                                 NULL);
        if (err != kDNSServiceErr_NoError)
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("DNSServiceRegister() failed: error code %ld",
                            (long) err)));
 
        /*
         * We don't bother to read the mDNS daemon's reply, and we expect that
         * it will automatically terminate our registration when the socket is
         * closed at postmaster termination.  So there's nothing more to be
         * done here.  However, the bonjour_sdref is kept around so that
         * forked children can close their copies of the socket.
         */
    }
#endif
 
    if (Unix_socket_directories)
    {
        char       *rawstring;
        List       *elemlist;
        ListCell   *l;
        int         success = 0;
 
        /* Need a modifiable copy of Unix_socket_directories */
        rawstring = pstrdup(Unix_socket_directories);
 
        /* Parse string into list of directories */
        if (!SplitDirectoriesString(rawstring, ',', &elemlist))
        {
            /* syntax error in list */
            ereport(FATAL,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                     errmsg("invalid list syntax in parameter \"%s\"",
                            "unix_socket_directories")));
        }
 
        foreach(l, elemlist)
        {
            char       *socketdir = (char *) lfirst(l);
 
            status = ListenServerPort(AF_UNIX, NULL,
                                      (unsigned short) PostPortNumber,
                                      socketdir,
                                      ListenSockets,
                                      &NumListenSockets,
                                      MAXLISTEN);
 
            if (status == STATUS_OK)
            {
                success++;
                /* record the first successful Unix socket in lockfile */
                if (success == 1)
                    AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_SOCKET_DIR, socketdir);
            }
            else
                ereport(WARNING,
                        (errmsg("could not create Unix-domain socket in directory \"%s\"",
                                socketdir)));
        }
 
        if (!success && elemlist != NIL)
            ereport(FATAL,
                    (errmsg("could not create any Unix-domain sockets")));
 
        list_free_deep(elemlist);
        pfree(rawstring);
    }
 
    /*
     * check that we have some socket to listen on
     */
    if (NumListenSockets == 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg("no socket created for listening")));
 
    /*
     * If no valid TCP ports, write an empty line for listen address,
     * indicating the Unix socket must be used.  Note that this line is not
     * added to the lock file until there is a socket backing it.
     */
    if (!listen_addr_saved)
        AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_LISTEN_ADDR, "");
 
    /*
     * Record postmaster options.  We delay this till now to avoid recording
     * bogus options (eg, unusable port number).
     */
    if (!CreateOptsFile(argc, argv, my_exec_path))
        ExitPostmaster(1);
 
    /*
     * Write the external PID file if requested
     */
    if (external_pid_file)
    {
        FILE       *fpidfile = fopen(external_pid_file, "w");
 
        if (fpidfile)
        {
            fprintf(fpidfile, "%d\n", MyProcPid);
            fclose(fpidfile);
 
            /* Make PID file world readable */
            if (chmod(external_pid_file, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH) != 0)
                write_stderr("%s: could not change permissions of external PID file \"%s\": %m\n",
                             progname, external_pid_file);
        }
        else
            write_stderr("%s: could not write external PID file \"%s\": %m\n",
                         progname, external_pid_file);
 
        on_proc_exit(unlink_external_pid_file, 0);
    }
 
    /*
     * Remove old temporary files.  At this point there can be no other
     * Postgres processes running in this directory, so this should be safe.
     */
    RemovePgTempFiles();
 
    /*
     * Initialize the autovacuum subsystem (again, no process start yet)
     */
    autovac_init();
 
    /*
     * Load configuration files for client authentication.
     */
    if (!load_hba())
    {
        /*
         * It makes no sense to continue if we fail to load the HBA file,
         * since there is no way to connect to the database in this case.
         */
        ereport(FATAL,
        /* translator: %s is a configuration file */
                (errmsg("could not load %s", HbaFileName)));
    }
    if (!load_ident())
    {
        /*
         * We can start up without the IDENT file, although it means that you
         * cannot log in using any of the authentication methods that need a
         * user name mapping. load_ident() already logged the details of error
         * to the log.
         */
    }
 
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_IS_THREADED_NP
 
    /*
     * On macOS, libintl replaces setlocale() with a version that calls
     * CFLocaleCopyCurrent() when its second argument is "" and every relevant
     * environment variable is unset or empty.  CFLocaleCopyCurrent() makes
     * the process multithreaded.  The postmaster calls sigprocmask() and
     * calls fork() without an immediate exec(), both of which have undefined
     * behavior in a multithreaded program.  A multithreaded postmaster is the
     * normal case on Windows, which offers neither fork() nor sigprocmask().
     * Currently, macOS is the only platform having pthread_is_threaded_np(),
     * so we need not worry whether this HINT is appropriate elsewhere.
     */
    if (pthread_is_threaded_np() != 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                 errmsg("postmaster became multithreaded during startup"),
                 errhint("Set the LC_ALL environment variable to a valid locale.")));
#endif
 
    /*
     * Remember postmaster startup time
     */
    PgStartTime = GetCurrentTimestamp();
 
    /*
     * Report postmaster status in the postmaster.pid file, to allow pg_ctl to
     * see what's happening.
     */
    AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_STARTING);
 
    UpdatePMState(PM_STARTUP);
 
    /* Make sure we can perform I/O while starting up. */
    maybe_adjust_io_workers();
 
    /* Start bgwriter and checkpointer so they can help with recovery */
    if (CheckpointerPMChild == NULL)
        CheckpointerPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_CHECKPOINTER);
    if (BgWriterPMChild == NULL)
        BgWriterPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_BG_WRITER);
 
    /*
     * We're ready to rock and roll...
     */
    StartupPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_STARTUP);
    Assert(StartupPMChild != NULL);
    StartupStatus = STARTUP_RUNNING;
 
    /* Some workers may be scheduled to start now */
    maybe_start_bgworkers();
 
    status = ServerLoop();
 
    /*
     * ServerLoop probably shouldn't ever return, but if it does, close down.
     */
    ExitPostmaster(status != STATUS_OK);
 
    abort();                    /* not reached */
}
 
 
/*
 * on_proc_exit callback to close server's listen sockets
 */
static void
CloseServerPorts(int status, Datum arg)
{
    int         i;
 
    /*
     * First, explicitly close all the socket FDs.  We used to just let this
     * happen implicitly at postmaster exit, but it's better to close them
     * before we remove the postmaster.pid lockfile; otherwise there's a race
     * condition if a new postmaster wants to re-use the TCP port number.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < NumListenSockets; i++)
    {
        if (closesocket(ListenSockets[i]) != 0)
            elog(LOG, "could not close listen socket: %m");
    }
    NumListenSockets = 0;
 
    /*
     * Next, remove any filesystem entries for Unix sockets.  To avoid race
     * conditions against incoming postmasters, this must happen after closing
     * the sockets and before removing lock files.
     */
    RemoveSocketFiles();
 
    /*
     * We don't do anything about socket lock files here; those will be
     * removed in a later on_proc_exit callback.
     */
}
 
/*
 * on_proc_exit callback to delete external_pid_file
 */
static void
unlink_external_pid_file(int status, Datum arg)
{
    if (external_pid_file)
        unlink(external_pid_file);
}
 
 
/*
 * Compute and check the directory paths to files that are part of the
 * installation (as deduced from the postgres executable's own location)
 */
static void
getInstallationPaths(const char *argv0)
{
    DIR        *pdir;
 
    /* Locate the postgres executable itself */
    if (find_my_exec(argv0, my_exec_path) < 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg("%s: could not locate my own executable path", argv0)));
 
#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
    /* Locate executable backend before we change working directory */
    if (find_other_exec(argv0, "postgres", PG_BACKEND_VERSIONSTR,
                        postgres_exec_path) < 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg("%s: could not locate matching postgres executable",
                        argv0)));
#endif
 
    /*
     * Locate the pkglib directory --- this has to be set early in case we try
     * to load any modules from it in response to postgresql.conf entries.
     */
    get_pkglib_path(my_exec_path, pkglib_path);
 
    /*
     * Verify that there's a readable directory there; otherwise the Postgres
     * installation is incomplete or corrupt.  (A typical cause of this
     * failure is that the postgres executable has been moved or hardlinked to
     * some directory that's not a sibling of the installation lib/
     * directory.)
     */
    pdir = AllocateDir(pkglib_path);
    if (pdir == NULL)
        ereport(ERROR,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not open directory \"%s\": %m",
                        pkglib_path),
                 errhint("This may indicate an incomplete PostgreSQL installation, or that the file \"%s\" has been moved away from its proper location.",
                         my_exec_path)));
    FreeDir(pdir);
 
    /*
     * It's not worth checking the share/ directory.  If the lib/ directory is
     * there, then share/ probably is too.
     */
}
 
/*
 * Check that pg_control exists in the correct location in the data directory.
 *
 * No attempt is made to validate the contents of pg_control here.  This is
 * just a sanity check to see if we are looking at a real data directory.
 */
static void
checkControlFile(void)
{
    char        path[MAXPGPATH];
    FILE       *fp;
 
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", DataDir, XLOG_CONTROL_FILE);
 
    fp = AllocateFile(path, PG_BINARY_R);
    if (fp == NULL)
    {
        write_stderr("%s: could not find the database system\n"
                     "Expected to find it in the directory \"%s\",\n"
                     "but could not open file \"%s\": %m\n",
                     progname, DataDir, path);
        ExitPostmaster(2);
    }
    FreeFile(fp);
}
 
/*
 * Determine how long should we let ServerLoop sleep, in milliseconds.
 *
 * In normal conditions we wait at most one minute, to ensure that the other
 * background tasks handled by ServerLoop get done even when no requests are
 * arriving.  However, if there are background workers waiting to be started,
 * we don't actually sleep so that they are quickly serviced.  Other exception
 * cases are as shown in the code.
 */
static int
DetermineSleepTime(void)
{
    TimestampTz next_wakeup = 0;
 
    /*
     * Normal case: either there are no background workers at all, or we're in
     * a shutdown sequence (during which we ignore bgworkers altogether).
     */
    if (Shutdown > NoShutdown ||
        (!StartWorkerNeeded && !HaveCrashedWorker))
    {
        if (AbortStartTime != 0)
        {
            time_t      curtime = time(NULL);
            int         seconds;
 
            /*
             * time left to abort; clamp to 0 if it already expired, or if
             * time goes backwards
             */
            if (curtime < AbortStartTime ||
                curtime - AbortStartTime >= SIGKILL_CHILDREN_AFTER_SECS)
                seconds = 0;
            else
                seconds = SIGKILL_CHILDREN_AFTER_SECS -
                    (curtime - AbortStartTime);
 
            return seconds * 1000;
        }
        else
            return 60 * 1000;
    }
 
    if (StartWorkerNeeded)
        return 0;
 
    if (HaveCrashedWorker)
    {
        dlist_mutable_iter iter;
 
        /*
         * When there are crashed bgworkers, we sleep just long enough that
         * they are restarted when they request to be.  Scan the list to
         * determine the minimum of all wakeup times according to most recent
         * crash time and requested restart interval.
         */
        dlist_foreach_modify(iter, &BackgroundWorkerList)
        {
            RegisteredBgWorker *rw;
            TimestampTz this_wakeup;
 
            rw = dlist_container(RegisteredBgWorker, rw_lnode, iter.cur);
 
            if (rw->rw_crashed_at == 0)
                continue;
 
            if (rw->rw_worker.bgw_restart_time == BGW_NEVER_RESTART
                || rw->rw_terminate)
            {
                ForgetBackgroundWorker(rw);
                continue;
            }
 
            this_wakeup = TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds(rw->rw_crashed_at,
                                                      1000L * rw->rw_worker.bgw_restart_time);
            if (next_wakeup == 0 || this_wakeup < next_wakeup)
                next_wakeup = this_wakeup;
        }
    }
 
    if (next_wakeup != 0)
    {
        int         ms;
 
        /* result of TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds is in [0, INT_MAX] */
        ms = (int) TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds(GetCurrentTimestamp(),
                                                   next_wakeup);
        return Min(60 * 1000, ms);
    }
 
    return 60 * 1000;
}
 
/*
 * Activate or deactivate notifications of server socket events.  Since we
 * don't currently have a way to remove events from an existing WaitEventSet,
 * we'll just destroy and recreate the whole thing.  This is called during
 * shutdown so we can wait for backends to exit without accepting new
 * connections, and during crash reinitialization when we need to start
 * listening for new connections again.  The WaitEventSet will be freed in fork
 * children by ClosePostmasterPorts().
 */
static void
ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(bool accept_connections)
{
    if (pm_wait_set)
        FreeWaitEventSet(pm_wait_set);
    pm_wait_set = NULL;
 
    pm_wait_set = CreateWaitEventSet(NULL,
                                     accept_connections ? (1 + NumListenSockets) : 1);
    AddWaitEventToSet(pm_wait_set, WL_LATCH_SET, PGINVALID_SOCKET, MyLatch,
                      NULL);
 
    if (accept_connections)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < NumListenSockets; i++)
            AddWaitEventToSet(pm_wait_set, WL_SOCKET_ACCEPT, ListenSockets[i],
                              NULL, NULL);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Main idle loop of postmaster
 */
static int
ServerLoop(void)
{
    time_t      last_lockfile_recheck_time,
                last_touch_time;
    WaitEvent   events[MAXLISTEN];
    int         nevents;
 
    ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(true);
    last_lockfile_recheck_time = last_touch_time = time(NULL);
 
    for (;;)
    {
        time_t      now;
 
        nevents = WaitEventSetWait(pm_wait_set,
                                   DetermineSleepTime(),
                                   events,
                                   lengthof(events),
                                   0 /* postmaster posts no wait_events */ );
 
        /*
         * Latch set by signal handler, or new connection pending on any of
         * our sockets? If the latter, fork a child process to deal with it.
         */
        for (int i = 0; i < nevents; i++)
        {
            if (events[i].events & WL_LATCH_SET)
                ResetLatch(MyLatch);
 
            /*
             * The following requests are handled unconditionally, even if we
             * didn't see WL_LATCH_SET.  This gives high priority to shutdown
             * and reload requests where the latch happens to appear later in
             * events[] or will be reported by a later call to
             * WaitEventSetWait().
             */
            if (pending_pm_shutdown_request)
                process_pm_shutdown_request();
            if (pending_pm_reload_request)
                process_pm_reload_request();
            if (pending_pm_child_exit)
                process_pm_child_exit();
            if (pending_pm_pmsignal)
                process_pm_pmsignal();
 
            if (events[i].events & WL_SOCKET_ACCEPT)
            {
                ClientSocket s;
 
                if (AcceptConnection(events[i].fd, &s) == STATUS_OK)
                    BackendStartup(&s);
 
                /* We no longer need the open socket in this process */
                if (s.sock != PGINVALID_SOCKET)
                {
                    if (closesocket(s.sock) != 0)
                        elog(LOG, "could not close client socket: %m");
                }
            }
        }
 
        /*
         * If we need to launch any background processes after changing state
         * or because some exited, do so now.
         */
        LaunchMissingBackgroundProcesses();
 
        /* If we need to signal the autovacuum launcher, do so now */
        if (avlauncher_needs_signal)
        {
            avlauncher_needs_signal = false;
            if (AutoVacLauncherPMChild != NULL)
                signal_child(AutoVacLauncherPMChild, SIGUSR2);
        }
 
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_IS_THREADED_NP
 
        /*
         * With assertions enabled, check regularly for appearance of
         * additional threads.  All builds check at start and exit.
         */
        Assert(pthread_is_threaded_np() == 0);
#endif
 
        /*
         * Lastly, check to see if it's time to do some things that we don't
         * want to do every single time through the loop, because they're a
         * bit expensive.  Note that there's up to a minute of slop in when
         * these tasks will be performed, since DetermineSleepTime() will let
         * us sleep at most that long; except for SIGKILL timeout which has
         * special-case logic there.
         */
        now = time(NULL);
 
        /*
         * If we already sent SIGQUIT to children and they are slow to shut
         * down, it's time to send them SIGKILL (or SIGABRT if requested).
         * This doesn't happen normally, but under certain conditions backends
         * can get stuck while shutting down.  This is a last measure to get
         * them unwedged.
         *
         * Note we also do this during recovery from a process crash.
         */
        if ((Shutdown >= ImmediateShutdown || FatalError) &&
            AbortStartTime != 0 &&
            (now - AbortStartTime) >= SIGKILL_CHILDREN_AFTER_SECS)
        {
            /* We were gentle with them before. Not anymore */
            ereport(LOG,
            /* translator: %s is SIGKILL or SIGABRT */
                    (errmsg("issuing %s to recalcitrant children",
                            send_abort_for_kill ? "SIGABRT" : "SIGKILL")));
            TerminateChildren(send_abort_for_kill ? SIGABRT : SIGKILL);
            /* reset flag so we don't SIGKILL again */
            AbortStartTime = 0;
        }
 
        /*
         * Once a minute, verify that postmaster.pid hasn't been removed or
         * overwritten.  If it has, we force a shutdown.  This avoids having
         * postmasters and child processes hanging around after their database
         * is gone, and maybe causing problems if a new database cluster is
         * created in the same place.  It also provides some protection
         * against a DBA foolishly removing postmaster.pid and manually
         * starting a new postmaster.  Data corruption is likely to ensue from
         * that anyway, but we can minimize the damage by aborting ASAP.
         */
        if (now - last_lockfile_recheck_time >= 1 * SECS_PER_MINUTE)
        {
            if (!RecheckDataDirLockFile())
            {
                ereport(LOG,
                        (errmsg("performing immediate shutdown because data directory lock file is invalid")));
                kill(MyProcPid, SIGQUIT);
            }
            last_lockfile_recheck_time = now;
        }
 
        /*
         * Touch Unix socket and lock files every 58 minutes, to ensure that
         * they are not removed by overzealous /tmp-cleaning tasks.  We assume
         * no one runs cleaners with cutoff times of less than an hour ...
         */
        if (now - last_touch_time >= 58 * SECS_PER_MINUTE)
        {
            TouchSocketFiles();
            TouchSocketLockFiles();
            last_touch_time = now;
        }
    }
}
 
/*
 * canAcceptConnections --- check to see if database state allows connections
 * of the specified type.  backend_type can be B_BACKEND or B_AUTOVAC_WORKER.
 * (Note that we don't yet know whether a normal B_BACKEND connection might
 * turn into a walsender.)
 */
static CAC_state
canAcceptConnections(BackendType backend_type)
{
    CAC_state   result = CAC_OK;
 
    Assert(backend_type == B_BACKEND || backend_type == B_AUTOVAC_WORKER);
 
    /*
     * Can't start backends when in startup/shutdown/inconsistent recovery
     * state.  We treat autovac workers the same as user backends for this
     * purpose.
     */
    if (pmState != PM_RUN && pmState != PM_HOT_STANDBY)
    {
        if (Shutdown > NoShutdown)
            return CAC_SHUTDOWN;    /* shutdown is pending */
        else if (!FatalError && pmState == PM_STARTUP)
            return CAC_STARTUP; /* normal startup */
        else if (!FatalError && pmState == PM_RECOVERY)
            return CAC_NOTHOTSTANDBY;   /* not yet ready for hot standby */
        else
            return CAC_RECOVERY;    /* else must be crash recovery */
    }
 
    /*
     * "Smart shutdown" restrictions are applied only to normal connections,
     * not to autovac workers.
     */
    if (!connsAllowed && backend_type == B_BACKEND)
        return CAC_SHUTDOWN;    /* shutdown is pending */
 
    return result;
}
 
/*
 * ClosePostmasterPorts -- close all the postmaster's open sockets
 *
 * This is called during child process startup to release file descriptors
 * that are not needed by that child process.  The postmaster still has
 * them open, of course.
 *
 * Note: we pass am_syslogger as a boolean because we don't want to set
 * the global variable yet when this is called.
 */
void
ClosePostmasterPorts(bool am_syslogger)
{
    /* Release resources held by the postmaster's WaitEventSet. */
    if (pm_wait_set)
    {
        FreeWaitEventSetAfterFork(pm_wait_set);
        pm_wait_set = NULL;
    }
 
#ifndef WIN32
 
    /*
     * Close the write end of postmaster death watch pipe. It's important to
     * do this as early as possible, so that if postmaster dies, others won't
     * think that it's still running because we're holding the pipe open.
     */
    if (close(postmaster_alive_fds[POSTMASTER_FD_OWN]) != 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg_internal("could not close postmaster death monitoring pipe in child process: %m")));
    postmaster_alive_fds[POSTMASTER_FD_OWN] = -1;
    /* Notify fd.c that we released one pipe FD. */
    ReleaseExternalFD();
#endif
 
    /*
     * Close the postmaster's listen sockets.  These aren't tracked by fd.c,
     * so we don't call ReleaseExternalFD() here.
     *
     * The listen sockets are marked as FD_CLOEXEC, so this isn't needed in
     * EXEC_BACKEND mode.
     */
#ifndef EXEC_BACKEND
    if (ListenSockets)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < NumListenSockets; i++)
        {
            if (closesocket(ListenSockets[i]) != 0)
                elog(LOG, "could not close listen socket: %m");
        }
        pfree(ListenSockets);
    }
    NumListenSockets = 0;
    ListenSockets = NULL;
#endif
 
    /*
     * If using syslogger, close the read side of the pipe.  We don't bother
     * tracking this in fd.c, either.
     */
    if (!am_syslogger)
    {
#ifndef WIN32
        if (syslogPipe[0] >= 0)
            close(syslogPipe[0]);
        syslogPipe[0] = -1;
#else
        if (syslogPipe[0])
            CloseHandle(syslogPipe[0]);
        syslogPipe[0] = 0;
#endif
    }
 
#ifdef USE_BONJOUR
    /* If using Bonjour, close the connection to the mDNS daemon */
    if (bonjour_sdref)
        close(DNSServiceRefSockFD(bonjour_sdref));
#endif
}
 
 
/*
 * InitProcessGlobals -- set MyStartTime[stamp], random seeds
 *
 * Called early in the postmaster and every backend.
 */
void
InitProcessGlobals(void)
{
    MyStartTimestamp = GetCurrentTimestamp();
    MyStartTime = timestamptz_to_time_t(MyStartTimestamp);
 
    /*
     * Set a different global seed in every process.  We want something
     * unpredictable, so if possible, use high-quality random bits for the
     * seed.  Otherwise, fall back to a seed based on timestamp and PID.
     */
    if (unlikely(!pg_prng_strong_seed(&pg_global_prng_state)))
    {
        uint64      rseed;
 
        /*
         * Since PIDs and timestamps tend to change more frequently in their
         * least significant bits, shift the timestamp left to allow a larger
         * total number of seeds in a given time period.  Since that would
         * leave only 20 bits of the timestamp that cycle every ~1 second,
         * also mix in some higher bits.
         */
        rseed = ((uint64) MyProcPid) ^
            ((uint64) MyStartTimestamp << 12) ^
            ((uint64) MyStartTimestamp >> 20);
 
        pg_prng_seed(&pg_global_prng_state, rseed);
    }
 
    /*
     * Also make sure that we've set a good seed for random(3).  Use of that
     * is deprecated in core Postgres, but extensions might use it.
     */
#ifndef WIN32
    srandom(pg_prng_uint32(&pg_global_prng_state));
#endif
}
 
/*
 * Child processes use SIGUSR1 to notify us of 'pmsignals'.  pg_ctl uses
 * SIGUSR1 to ask postmaster to check for logrotate and promote files.
 */
static void
handle_pm_pmsignal_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    pending_pm_pmsignal = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);
}
 
/*
 * pg_ctl uses SIGHUP to request a reload of the configuration files.
 */
static void
handle_pm_reload_request_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    pending_pm_reload_request = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);
}
 
/*
 * Re-read config files, and tell children to do same.
 */
static void
process_pm_reload_request(void)
{
    pending_pm_reload_request = false;
 
    ereport(DEBUG2,
            (errmsg_internal("postmaster received reload request signal")));
 
    if (Shutdown <= SmartShutdown)
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("received SIGHUP, reloading configuration files")));
        ProcessConfigFile(PGC_SIGHUP);
        SignalChildren(SIGHUP, btmask_all_except(B_DEAD_END_BACKEND));
 
        /* Reload authentication config files too */
        if (!load_hba())
            ereport(LOG,
            /* translator: %s is a configuration file */
                    (errmsg("%s was not reloaded", HbaFileName)));
 
        if (!load_ident())
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("%s was not reloaded", IdentFileName)));
 
#ifdef USE_SSL
        /* Reload SSL configuration as well */
        if (EnableSSL)
        {
            if (secure_initialize(false) == 0)
                LoadedSSL = true;
            else
                ereport(LOG,
                        (errmsg("SSL configuration was not reloaded")));
        }
        else
        {
            secure_destroy();
            LoadedSSL = false;
        }
#endif
 
#ifdef EXEC_BACKEND
        /* Update the starting-point file for future children */
        write_nondefault_variables(PGC_SIGHUP);
#endif
    }
}
 
/*
 * pg_ctl uses SIGTERM, SIGINT and SIGQUIT to request different types of
 * shutdown.
 */
static void
handle_pm_shutdown_request_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    switch (postgres_signal_arg)
    {
        case SIGTERM:
            /* smart is implied if the other two flags aren't set */
            pending_pm_shutdown_request = true;
            break;
        case SIGINT:
            pending_pm_fast_shutdown_request = true;
            pending_pm_shutdown_request = true;
            break;
        case SIGQUIT:
            pending_pm_immediate_shutdown_request = true;
            pending_pm_shutdown_request = true;
            break;
    }
    SetLatch(MyLatch);
}
 
/*
 * Process shutdown request.
 */
static void
process_pm_shutdown_request(void)
{
    int         mode;
 
    ereport(DEBUG2,
            (errmsg_internal("postmaster received shutdown request signal")));
 
    pending_pm_shutdown_request = false;
 
    /*
     * If more than one shutdown request signal arrived since the last server
     * loop, take the one that is the most immediate.  That matches the
     * priority that would apply if we processed them one by one in any order.
     */
    if (pending_pm_immediate_shutdown_request)
    {
        pending_pm_immediate_shutdown_request = false;
        pending_pm_fast_shutdown_request = false;
        mode = ImmediateShutdown;
    }
    else if (pending_pm_fast_shutdown_request)
    {
        pending_pm_fast_shutdown_request = false;
        mode = FastShutdown;
    }
    else
        mode = SmartShutdown;
 
    switch (mode)
    {
        case SmartShutdown:
 
            /*
             * Smart Shutdown:
             *
             * Wait for children to end their work, then shut down.
             */
            if (Shutdown >= SmartShutdown)
                break;
            Shutdown = SmartShutdown;
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("received smart shutdown request")));
 
            /* Report status */
            AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_STOPPING);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
            sd_notify(0, "STOPPING=1");
#endif
 
            /*
             * If we reached normal running, we go straight to waiting for
             * client backends to exit.  If already in PM_STOP_BACKENDS or a
             * later state, do not change it.
             */
            if (pmState == PM_RUN || pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY)
                connsAllowed = false;
            else if (pmState == PM_STARTUP || pmState == PM_RECOVERY)
            {
                /* There should be no clients, so proceed to stop children */
                UpdatePMState(PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
            }
 
            /*
             * Now wait for online backup mode to end and backends to exit. If
             * that is already the case, PostmasterStateMachine will take the
             * next step.
             */
            PostmasterStateMachine();
            break;
 
        case FastShutdown:
 
            /*
             * Fast Shutdown:
             *
             * Abort all children with SIGTERM (rollback active transactions
             * and exit) and shut down when they are gone.
             */
            if (Shutdown >= FastShutdown)
                break;
            Shutdown = FastShutdown;
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("received fast shutdown request")));
 
            /* Report status */
            AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_STOPPING);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
            sd_notify(0, "STOPPING=1");
#endif
 
            if (pmState == PM_STARTUP || pmState == PM_RECOVERY)
            {
                /* Just shut down background processes silently */
                UpdatePMState(PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
            }
            else if (pmState == PM_RUN ||
                     pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY)
            {
                /* Report that we're about to zap live client sessions */
                ereport(LOG,
                        (errmsg("aborting any active transactions")));
                UpdatePMState(PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
            }
 
            /*
             * PostmasterStateMachine will issue any necessary signals, or
             * take the next step if no child processes need to be killed.
             */
            PostmasterStateMachine();
            break;
 
        case ImmediateShutdown:
 
            /*
             * Immediate Shutdown:
             *
             * abort all children with SIGQUIT, wait for them to exit,
             * terminate remaining ones with SIGKILL, then exit without
             * attempt to properly shut down the data base system.
             */
            if (Shutdown >= ImmediateShutdown)
                break;
            Shutdown = ImmediateShutdown;
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("received immediate shutdown request")));
 
            /* Report status */
            AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_STOPPING);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
            sd_notify(0, "STOPPING=1");
#endif
 
            /* tell children to shut down ASAP */
            /* (note we don't apply send_abort_for_crash here) */
            SetQuitSignalReason(PMQUIT_FOR_STOP);
            TerminateChildren(SIGQUIT);
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
 
            /* set stopwatch for them to die */
            AbortStartTime = time(NULL);
 
            /*
             * Now wait for backends to exit.  If there are none,
             * PostmasterStateMachine will take the next step.
             */
            PostmasterStateMachine();
            break;
    }
}
 
static void
handle_pm_child_exit_signal(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
    pending_pm_child_exit = true;
    SetLatch(MyLatch);
}
 
/*
 * Cleanup after a child process dies.
 */
static void
process_pm_child_exit(void)
{
    int         pid;            /* process id of dead child process */
    int         exitstatus;     /* its exit status */
 
    pending_pm_child_exit = false;
 
    ereport(DEBUG4,
            (errmsg_internal("reaping dead processes")));
 
    while ((pid = waitpid(-1, &exitstatus, WNOHANG)) > 0)
    {
        PMChild    *pmchild;
 
        /*
         * Check if this child was a startup process.
         */
        if (StartupPMChild && pid == StartupPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(StartupPMChild);
            StartupPMChild = NULL;
 
            /*
             * Startup process exited in response to a shutdown request (or it
             * completed normally regardless of the shutdown request).
             */
            if (Shutdown > NoShutdown &&
                (EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) || EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus)))
            {
                StartupStatus = STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING;
                UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
                /* PostmasterStateMachine logic does the rest */
                continue;
            }
 
            if (EXIT_STATUS_3(exitstatus))
            {
                ereport(LOG,
                        (errmsg("shutdown at recovery target")));
                StartupStatus = STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING;
                Shutdown = Max(Shutdown, SmartShutdown);
                TerminateChildren(SIGTERM);
                UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
                /* PostmasterStateMachine logic does the rest */
                continue;
            }
 
            /*
             * Unexpected exit of startup process (including FATAL exit)
             * during PM_STARTUP is treated as catastrophic. There are no
             * other processes running yet, so we can just exit.
             */
            if (pmState == PM_STARTUP &&
                StartupStatus != STARTUP_SIGNALED &&
                !EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
            {
                LogChildExit(LOG, _("startup process"),
                             pid, exitstatus);
                ereport(LOG,
                        (errmsg("aborting startup due to startup process failure")));
                ExitPostmaster(1);
            }
 
            /*
             * After PM_STARTUP, any unexpected exit (including FATAL exit) of
             * the startup process is catastrophic, so kill other children,
             * and set StartupStatus so we don't try to reinitialize after
             * they're gone.  Exception: if StartupStatus is STARTUP_SIGNALED,
             * then we previously sent the startup process a SIGQUIT; so
             * that's probably the reason it died, and we do want to try to
             * restart in that case.
             *
             * This stanza also handles the case where we sent a SIGQUIT
             * during PM_STARTUP due to some dead-end child crashing: in that
             * situation, if the startup process dies on the SIGQUIT, we need
             * to transition to PM_WAIT_BACKENDS state which will allow
             * PostmasterStateMachine to restart the startup process.  (On the
             * other hand, the startup process might complete normally, if we
             * were too late with the SIGQUIT.  In that case we'll fall
             * through and commence normal operations.)
             */
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
            {
                if (StartupStatus == STARTUP_SIGNALED)
                {
                    StartupStatus = STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING;
                    if (pmState == PM_STARTUP)
                        UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
                }
                else
                    StartupStatus = STARTUP_CRASHED;
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("startup process"));
                continue;
            }
 
            /*
             * Startup succeeded, commence normal operations
             */
            StartupStatus = STARTUP_NOT_RUNNING;
            FatalError = false;
            AbortStartTime = 0;
            ReachedNormalRunning = true;
            UpdatePMState(PM_RUN);
            connsAllowed = true;
 
            /*
             * At the next iteration of the postmaster's main loop, we will
             * crank up the background tasks like the autovacuum launcher and
             * background workers that were not started earlier already.
             */
            StartWorkerNeeded = true;
 
            /* at this point we are really open for business */
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("database system is ready to accept connections")));
 
            /* Report status */
            AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_READY);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
            sd_notify(0, "READY=1");
#endif
 
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the bgwriter?  Normal exit can be ignored; we'll start a new
         * one at the next iteration of the postmaster's main loop, if
         * necessary.  Any other exit condition is treated as a crash.
         */
        if (BgWriterPMChild && pid == BgWriterPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(BgWriterPMChild);
            BgWriterPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("background writer process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the checkpointer?
         */
        if (CheckpointerPMChild && pid == CheckpointerPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(CheckpointerPMChild);
            CheckpointerPMChild = NULL;
            if (EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && pmState == PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER)
            {
                /*
                 * OK, we saw normal exit of the checkpointer after it's been
                 * told to shut down.  We know checkpointer wrote a shutdown
                 * checkpoint, otherwise we'd still be in
                 * PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN state.
                 *
                 * At this point only dead-end children and logger should be
                 * left.
                 */
                UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_DEAD_END);
                ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(false);
                SignalChildren(SIGTERM, btmask_all_except(B_LOGGER));
            }
            else
            {
                /*
                 * Any unexpected exit of the checkpointer (including FATAL
                 * exit) is treated as a crash.
                 */
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("checkpointer process"));
            }
 
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the wal writer?  Normal exit can be ignored; we'll start a
         * new one at the next iteration of the postmaster's main loop, if
         * necessary.  Any other exit condition is treated as a crash.
         */
        if (WalWriterPMChild && pid == WalWriterPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(WalWriterPMChild);
            WalWriterPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("WAL writer process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the wal receiver?  If exit status is zero (normal) or one
         * (FATAL exit), we assume everything is all right just like normal
         * backends.  (If we need a new wal receiver, we'll start one at the
         * next iteration of the postmaster's main loop.)
         */
        if (WalReceiverPMChild && pid == WalReceiverPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(WalReceiverPMChild);
            WalReceiverPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("WAL receiver process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the wal summarizer? Normal exit can be ignored; we'll start
         * a new one at the next iteration of the postmaster's main loop, if
         * necessary.  Any other exit condition is treated as a crash.
         */
        if (WalSummarizerPMChild && pid == WalSummarizerPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(WalSummarizerPMChild);
            WalSummarizerPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("WAL summarizer process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the autovacuum launcher?  Normal exit can be ignored; we'll
         * start a new one at the next iteration of the postmaster's main
         * loop, if necessary.  Any other exit condition is treated as a
         * crash.
         */
        if (AutoVacLauncherPMChild && pid == AutoVacLauncherPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(AutoVacLauncherPMChild);
            AutoVacLauncherPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("autovacuum launcher process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the archiver?  If exit status is zero (normal) or one (FATAL
         * exit), we assume everything is all right just like normal backends
         * and just try to start a new one on the next cycle of the
         * postmaster's main loop, to retry archiving remaining files.
         */
        if (PgArchPMChild && pid == PgArchPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(PgArchPMChild);
            PgArchPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("archiver process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /* Was it the system logger?  If so, try to start a new one */
        if (SysLoggerPMChild && pid == SysLoggerPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(SysLoggerPMChild);
            SysLoggerPMChild = NULL;
 
            /* for safety's sake, launch new logger *first* */
            if (Logging_collector)
                StartSysLogger();
 
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
                LogChildExit(LOG, _("system logger process"),
                             pid, exitstatus);
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it the slot sync worker? Normal exit or FATAL exit can be
         * ignored (FATAL can be caused by libpqwalreceiver on receiving
         * shutdown request by the startup process during promotion); we'll
         * start a new one at the next iteration of the postmaster's main
         * loop, if necessary. Any other exit condition is treated as a crash.
         */
        if (SlotSyncWorkerPMChild && pid == SlotSyncWorkerPMChild->pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(SlotSyncWorkerPMChild);
            SlotSyncWorkerPMChild = NULL;
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus,
                                 _("slot sync worker process"));
            continue;
        }
 
        /* Was it an IO worker? */
        if (maybe_reap_io_worker(pid))
        {
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus, _("io worker"));
 
            maybe_adjust_io_workers();
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * Was it a backend or a background worker?
         */
        pmchild = FindPostmasterChildByPid(pid);
        if (pmchild)
        {
            CleanupBackend(pmchild, exitstatus);
        }
 
        /*
         * We don't know anything about this child process.  That's highly
         * unexpected, as we do track all the child processes that we fork.
         */
        else
        {
            if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
                HandleChildCrash(pid, exitstatus, _("untracked child process"));
            else
                LogChildExit(LOG, _("untracked child process"), pid, exitstatus);
        }
    }                           /* loop over pending child-death reports */
 
    /*
     * After cleaning out the SIGCHLD queue, see if we have any state changes
     * or actions to make.
     */
    PostmasterStateMachine();
}
 
/*
 * CleanupBackend -- cleanup after terminated backend or background worker.
 *
 * Remove all local state associated with the child process and release its
 * PMChild slot.
 */
static void
CleanupBackend(PMChild *bp,
               int exitstatus)  /* child's exit status. */
{
    char        namebuf[MAXPGPATH];
    const char *procname;
    bool        crashed = false;
    bool        logged = false;
    pid_t       bp_pid;
    bool        bp_bgworker_notify;
    BackendType bp_bkend_type;
    RegisteredBgWorker *rw;
 
    /* Construct a process name for the log message */
    if (bp->bkend_type == B_BG_WORKER)
    {
        snprintf(namebuf, MAXPGPATH, _("background worker \"%s\""),
                 bp->rw->rw_worker.bgw_type);
        procname = namebuf;
    }
    else
        procname = _(GetBackendTypeDesc(bp->bkend_type));
 
    /*
     * If a backend dies in an ugly way then we must signal all other backends
     * to quickdie.  If exit status is zero (normal) or one (FATAL exit), we
     * assume everything is all right and proceed to remove the backend from
     * the active child list.
     */
    if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) && !EXIT_STATUS_1(exitstatus))
        crashed = true;
 
#ifdef WIN32
 
    /*
     * On win32, also treat ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN (128) as nonfatal case,
     * since that sometimes happens under load when the process fails to start
     * properly (long before it starts using shared memory). Microsoft reports
     * it is related to mutex failure:
     * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2010-09/msg00790.php
     */
    if (exitstatus == ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN)
    {
        LogChildExit(LOG, procname, bp->pid, exitstatus);
        logged = true;
        crashed = false;
    }
#endif
 
    /*
     * Release the PMChild entry.
     *
     * If the process attached to shared memory, this also checks that it
     * detached cleanly.
     */
    bp_pid = bp->pid;
    bp_bgworker_notify = bp->bgworker_notify;
    bp_bkend_type = bp->bkend_type;
    rw = bp->rw;
    if (!ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(bp))
    {
        /*
         * Uh-oh, the child failed to clean itself up.  Treat as a crash after
         * all.
         */
        crashed = true;
    }
    bp = NULL;
 
    /*
     * In a crash case, exit immediately without resetting background worker
     * state. However, if restart_after_crash is enabled, the background
     * worker state (e.g., rw_pid) still needs be reset so the worker can
     * restart after crash recovery. This reset is handled in
     * ResetBackgroundWorkerCrashTimes(), not here.
     */
    if (crashed)
    {
        HandleChildCrash(bp_pid, exitstatus, procname);
        return;
    }
 
    /*
     * This backend may have been slated to receive SIGUSR1 when some
     * background worker started or stopped.  Cancel those notifications, as
     * we don't want to signal PIDs that are not PostgreSQL backends.  This
     * gets skipped in the (probably very common) case where the backend has
     * never requested any such notifications.
     */
    if (bp_bgworker_notify)
        BackgroundWorkerStopNotifications(bp_pid);
 
    /*
     * If it was a background worker, also update its RegisteredBgWorker
     * entry.
     */
    if (bp_bkend_type == B_BG_WORKER)
    {
        if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
        {
            /* Record timestamp, so we know when to restart the worker. */
            rw->rw_crashed_at = GetCurrentTimestamp();
        }
        else
        {
            /* Zero exit status means terminate */
            rw->rw_crashed_at = 0;
            rw->rw_terminate = true;
        }
 
        rw->rw_pid = 0;
        ReportBackgroundWorkerExit(rw); /* report child death */
 
        if (!logged)
        {
            LogChildExit(EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus) ? DEBUG1 : LOG,
                         procname, bp_pid, exitstatus);
            logged = true;
        }
 
        /* have it be restarted */
        HaveCrashedWorker = true;
    }
 
    if (!logged)
        LogChildExit(DEBUG2, procname, bp_pid, exitstatus);
}
 
/*
 * Transition into FatalError state, in response to something bad having
 * happened. Commonly the caller will have logged the reason for entering
 * FatalError state.
 *
 * This should only be called when not already in FatalError or
 * ImmediateShutdown state.
 */
static void
HandleFatalError(QuitSignalReason reason, bool consider_sigabrt)
{
    int         sigtosend;
 
    Assert(!FatalError);
    Assert(Shutdown != ImmediateShutdown);
 
    SetQuitSignalReason(reason);
 
    if (consider_sigabrt && send_abort_for_crash)
        sigtosend = SIGABRT;
    else
        sigtosend = SIGQUIT;
 
    /*
     * Signal all other child processes to exit.
     *
     * We could exclude dead-end children here, but at least when sending
     * SIGABRT it seems better to include them.
     */
    TerminateChildren(sigtosend);
 
    FatalError = true;
 
    /*
     * Choose the appropriate new state to react to the fatal error. Unless we
     * were already in the process of shutting down, we go through
     * PM_WAIT_BACKENDS. For errors during the shutdown sequence, we directly
     * switch to PM_WAIT_DEAD_END.
     */
    switch (pmState)
    {
        case PM_INIT:
            /* shouldn't have any children */
            Assert(false);
            break;
        case PM_STARTUP:
            /* should have been handled in process_pm_child_exit */
            Assert(false);
            break;
 
            /* wait for children to die */
        case PM_RECOVERY:
        case PM_HOT_STANDBY:
        case PM_RUN:
        case PM_STOP_BACKENDS:
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
            break;
 
        case PM_WAIT_BACKENDS:
            /* there might be more backends to wait for */
            break;
 
        case PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN:
        case PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL:
        case PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER:
        case PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS:
 
            /*
             * NB: Similar code exists in PostmasterStateMachine()'s handling
             * of FatalError in PM_STOP_BACKENDS/PM_WAIT_BACKENDS states.
             */
            ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(false);
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_DEAD_END);
            break;
 
        case PM_WAIT_DEAD_END:
        case PM_NO_CHILDREN:
            break;
    }
 
    /*
     * .. and if this doesn't happen quickly enough, now the clock is ticking
     * for us to kill them without mercy.
     */
    if (AbortStartTime == 0)
        AbortStartTime = time(NULL);
}
 
/*
 * HandleChildCrash -- cleanup after failed backend, bgwriter, checkpointer,
 * walwriter, autovacuum, archiver, slot sync worker, or background worker.
 *
 * The objectives here are to clean up our local state about the child
 * process, and to signal all other remaining children to quickdie.
 *
 * The caller has already released its PMChild slot.
 */
static void
HandleChildCrash(int pid, int exitstatus, const char *procname)
{
    /*
     * We only log messages and send signals if this is the first process
     * crash and we're not doing an immediate shutdown; otherwise, we're only
     * here to update postmaster's idea of live processes.  If we have already
     * signaled children, nonzero exit status is to be expected, so don't
     * clutter log.
     */
    if (FatalError || Shutdown == ImmediateShutdown)
        return;
 
    LogChildExit(LOG, procname, pid, exitstatus);
    ereport(LOG,
            (errmsg("terminating any other active server processes")));
 
    /*
     * Switch into error state. The crashed process has already been removed
     * from ActiveChildList.
     */
    HandleFatalError(PMQUIT_FOR_CRASH, true);
}
 
/*
 * Log the death of a child process.
 */
static void
LogChildExit(int lev, const char *procname, int pid, int exitstatus)
{
    /*
     * size of activity_buffer is arbitrary, but set equal to default
     * track_activity_query_size
     */
    char        activity_buffer[1024];
    const char *activity = NULL;
 
    if (!EXIT_STATUS_0(exitstatus))
        activity = pgstat_get_crashed_backend_activity(pid,
                                                       activity_buffer,
                                                       sizeof(activity_buffer));
 
    if (WIFEXITED(exitstatus))
        ereport(lev,
 
        /*------
          translator: %s is a noun phrase describing a child process, such as
          "server process" */
                (errmsg("%s (PID %d) exited with exit code %d",
                        procname, pid, WEXITSTATUS(exitstatus)),
                 activity ? errdetail("Failed process was running: %s", activity) : 0));
    else if (WIFSIGNALED(exitstatus))
    {
#if defined(WIN32)
        ereport(lev,
 
        /*------
          translator: %s is a noun phrase describing a child process, such as
          "server process" */
                (errmsg("%s (PID %d) was terminated by exception 0x%X",
                        procname, pid, WTERMSIG(exitstatus)),
                 errhint("See C include file \"ntstatus.h\" for a description of the hexadecimal value."),
                 activity ? errdetail("Failed process was running: %s", activity) : 0));
#else
        ereport(lev,
 
        /*------
          translator: %s is a noun phrase describing a child process, such as
          "server process" */
                (errmsg("%s (PID %d) was terminated by signal %d: %s",
                        procname, pid, WTERMSIG(exitstatus),
                        pg_strsignal(WTERMSIG(exitstatus))),
                 activity ? errdetail("Failed process was running: %s", activity) : 0));
#endif
    }
    else
        ereport(lev,
 
        /*------
          translator: %s is a noun phrase describing a child process, such as
          "server process" */
                (errmsg("%s (PID %d) exited with unrecognized status %d",
                        procname, pid, exitstatus),
                 activity ? errdetail("Failed process was running: %s", activity) : 0));
}
 
/*
 * Advance the postmaster's state machine and take actions as appropriate
 *
 * This is common code for process_pm_shutdown_request(),
 * process_pm_child_exit() and process_pm_pmsignal(), which process the signals
 * that might mean we need to change state.
 */
static void
PostmasterStateMachine(void)
{
    /* If we're doing a smart shutdown, try to advance that state. */
    if (pmState == PM_RUN || pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY)
    {
        if (!connsAllowed)
        {
            /*
             * This state ends when we have no normal client backends running.
             * Then we're ready to stop other children.
             */
            if (CountChildren(btmask(B_BACKEND)) == 0)
                UpdatePMState(PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * In the PM_WAIT_BACKENDS state, wait for all the regular backends and
     * processes like autovacuum and background workers that are comparable to
     * backends to exit.
     *
     * PM_STOP_BACKENDS is a transient state that means the same as
     * PM_WAIT_BACKENDS, but we signal the processes first, before waiting for
     * them.  Treating it as a distinct pmState allows us to share this code
     * across multiple shutdown code paths.
     */
    if (pmState == PM_STOP_BACKENDS || pmState == PM_WAIT_BACKENDS)
    {
        BackendTypeMask targetMask = BTYPE_MASK_NONE;
 
        /*
         * PM_WAIT_BACKENDS state ends when we have no regular backends, no
         * autovac launcher or workers, and no bgworkers (including
         * unconnected ones).
         */
        targetMask = btmask_add(targetMask,
                                B_BACKEND,
                                B_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER,
                                B_AUTOVAC_WORKER,
                                B_BG_WORKER);
 
        /*
         * No walwriter, bgwriter, slot sync worker, or WAL summarizer either.
         */
        targetMask = btmask_add(targetMask,
                                B_WAL_WRITER,
                                B_BG_WRITER,
                                B_SLOTSYNC_WORKER,
                                B_WAL_SUMMARIZER);
 
        /* If we're in recovery, also stop startup and walreceiver procs */
        targetMask = btmask_add(targetMask,
                                B_STARTUP,
                                B_WAL_RECEIVER);
 
        /*
         * If we are doing crash recovery or an immediate shutdown then we
         * expect archiver, checkpointer, io workers and walsender to exit as
         * well, otherwise not.
         */
        if (FatalError || Shutdown >= ImmediateShutdown)
            targetMask = btmask_add(targetMask,
                                    B_CHECKPOINTER,
                                    B_ARCHIVER,
                                    B_IO_WORKER,
                                    B_WAL_SENDER);
 
        /*
         * Normally archiver, checkpointer, IO workers and walsenders will
         * continue running; they will be terminated later after writing the
         * checkpoint record.  We also let dead-end children to keep running
         * for now.  The syslogger process exits last.
         *
         * This assertion checks that we have covered all backend types,
         * either by including them in targetMask, or by noting here that they
         * are allowed to continue running.
         */
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
        {
            BackendTypeMask remainMask = BTYPE_MASK_NONE;
 
            remainMask = btmask_add(remainMask,
                                    B_DEAD_END_BACKEND,
                                    B_LOGGER);
 
            /*
             * Archiver, checkpointer, IO workers, and walsender may or may
             * not be in targetMask already.
             */
            remainMask = btmask_add(remainMask,
                                    B_ARCHIVER,
                                    B_CHECKPOINTER,
                                    B_IO_WORKER,
                                    B_WAL_SENDER);
 
            /* these are not real postmaster children */
            remainMask = btmask_add(remainMask,
                                    B_INVALID,
                                    B_STANDALONE_BACKEND);
 
            /* All types should be included in targetMask or remainMask */
            Assert((remainMask.mask | targetMask.mask) == BTYPE_MASK_ALL.mask);
        }
#endif
 
        /* If we had not yet signaled the processes to exit, do so now */
        if (pmState == PM_STOP_BACKENDS)
        {
            /*
             * Forget any pending requests for background workers, since we're
             * no longer willing to launch any new workers.  (If additional
             * requests arrive, BackgroundWorkerStateChange will reject them.)
             */
            ForgetUnstartedBackgroundWorkers();
 
            SignalChildren(SIGTERM, targetMask);
 
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
        }
 
        /* Are any of the target processes still running? */
        if (CountChildren(targetMask) == 0)
        {
            if (Shutdown >= ImmediateShutdown || FatalError)
            {
                /*
                 * Stop any dead-end children and stop creating new ones.
                 *
                 * NB: Similar code exists in HandleFatalError(), when the
                 * error happens in pmState > PM_WAIT_BACKENDS.
                 */
                UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_DEAD_END);
                ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(false);
                SignalChildren(SIGQUIT, btmask(B_DEAD_END_BACKEND));
 
                /*
                 * We already SIGQUIT'd auxiliary processes (other than
                 * logger), if any, when we started immediate shutdown or
                 * entered FatalError state.
                 */
            }
            else
            {
                /*
                 * If we get here, we are proceeding with normal shutdown. All
                 * the regular children are gone, and it's time to tell the
                 * checkpointer to do a shutdown checkpoint.
                 */
                Assert(Shutdown > NoShutdown);
                /* Start the checkpointer if not running */
                if (CheckpointerPMChild == NULL)
                    CheckpointerPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_CHECKPOINTER);
                /* And tell it to write the shutdown checkpoint */
                if (CheckpointerPMChild != NULL)
                {
                    signal_child(CheckpointerPMChild, SIGINT);
                    UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN);
                }
                else
                {
                    /*
                     * If we failed to fork a checkpointer, just shut down.
                     * Any required cleanup will happen at next restart. We
                     * set FatalError so that an "abnormal shutdown" message
                     * gets logged when we exit.
                     *
                     * We don't consult send_abort_for_crash here, as it's
                     * unlikely that dumping cores would illuminate the reason
                     * for checkpointer fork failure.
                     *
                     * XXX: It may be worth to introduce a different PMQUIT
                     * value that signals that the cluster is in a bad state,
                     * without a process having crashed. But right now this
                     * path is very unlikely to be reached, so it isn't
                     * obviously worthwhile adding a distinct error message in
                     * quickdie().
                     */
                    HandleFatalError(PMQUIT_FOR_CRASH, false);
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * The state transition from PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN to
     * PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL is in process_pm_pmsignal(), in response to
     * PMSIGNAL_XLOG_IS_SHUTDOWN.
     */
 
    if (pmState == PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL)
    {
        /*
         * PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL state ends when there are no children other
         * than checkpointer, io workers and dead-end children left. There
         * shouldn't be any regular backends left by now anyway; what we're
         * really waiting for is for walsenders and archiver to exit.
         */
        if (CountChildren(btmask_all_except(B_CHECKPOINTER, B_IO_WORKER,
                                            B_LOGGER, B_DEAD_END_BACKEND)) == 0)
        {
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS);
            SignalChildren(SIGUSR2, btmask(B_IO_WORKER));
        }
    }
 
    if (pmState == PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS)
    {
        /*
         * PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS state ends when there's only checkpointer and
         * dead-end children left.
         */
        if (io_worker_count == 0)
        {
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER);
 
            /*
             * Now that the processes mentioned above are gone, tell
             * checkpointer to shut down too. That allows checkpointer to
             * perform some last bits of cleanup without other processes
             * interfering.
             */
            if (CheckpointerPMChild != NULL)
                signal_child(CheckpointerPMChild, SIGUSR2);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * The state transition from PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER to PM_WAIT_DEAD_END is
     * in process_pm_child_exit().
     */
 
    if (pmState == PM_WAIT_DEAD_END)
    {
        /*
         * PM_WAIT_DEAD_END state ends when all other children are gone except
         * for the logger.  During normal shutdown, all that remains are
         * dead-end backends, but in FatalError processing we jump straight
         * here with more processes remaining.  Note that they have already
         * been sent appropriate shutdown signals, either during a normal
         * state transition leading up to PM_WAIT_DEAD_END, or during
         * FatalError processing.
         *
         * The reason we wait is to protect against a new postmaster starting
         * conflicting subprocesses; this isn't an ironclad protection, but it
         * at least helps in the shutdown-and-immediately-restart scenario.
         */
        if (CountChildren(btmask_all_except(B_LOGGER)) == 0)
        {
            /* These other guys should be dead already */
            Assert(StartupPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(WalReceiverPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(WalSummarizerPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(BgWriterPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(CheckpointerPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(WalWriterPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(AutoVacLauncherPMChild == NULL);
            Assert(SlotSyncWorkerPMChild == NULL);
            /* syslogger is not considered here */
            UpdatePMState(PM_NO_CHILDREN);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * If we've been told to shut down, we exit as soon as there are no
     * remaining children.  If there was a crash, cleanup will occur at the
     * next startup.  (Before PostgreSQL 8.3, we tried to recover from the
     * crash before exiting, but that seems unwise if we are quitting because
     * we got SIGTERM from init --- there may well not be time for recovery
     * before init decides to SIGKILL us.)
     *
     * Note that the syslogger continues to run.  It will exit when it sees
     * EOF on its input pipe, which happens when there are no more upstream
     * processes.
     */
    if (Shutdown > NoShutdown && pmState == PM_NO_CHILDREN)
    {
        if (FatalError)
        {
            ereport(LOG, (errmsg("abnormal database system shutdown")));
            ExitPostmaster(1);
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * Normal exit from the postmaster is here.  We don't need to log
             * anything here, since the UnlinkLockFiles proc_exit callback
             * will do so, and that should be the last user-visible action.
             */
            ExitPostmaster(0);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * If the startup process failed, or the user does not want an automatic
     * restart after backend crashes, wait for all non-syslogger children to
     * exit, and then exit postmaster.  We don't try to reinitialize when the
     * startup process fails, because more than likely it will just fail again
     * and we will keep trying forever.
     */
    if (pmState == PM_NO_CHILDREN)
    {
        if (StartupStatus == STARTUP_CRASHED)
        {
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("shutting down due to startup process failure")));
            ExitPostmaster(1);
        }
        if (!restart_after_crash)
        {
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("shutting down because \"restart_after_crash\" is off")));
            ExitPostmaster(1);
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * If we need to recover from a crash, wait for all non-syslogger children
     * to exit, then reset shmem and start the startup process.
     */
    if (FatalError && pmState == PM_NO_CHILDREN)
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("all server processes terminated; reinitializing")));
 
        /* remove leftover temporary files after a crash */
        if (remove_temp_files_after_crash)
            RemovePgTempFiles();
 
        /* allow background workers to immediately restart */
        ResetBackgroundWorkerCrashTimes();
 
        shmem_exit(1);
 
        /* re-read control file into local memory */
        LocalProcessControlFile(true);
 
        /* re-create shared memory and semaphores */
        CreateSharedMemoryAndSemaphores();
 
        UpdatePMState(PM_STARTUP);
 
        /* Make sure we can perform I/O while starting up. */
        maybe_adjust_io_workers();
 
        StartupPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_STARTUP);
        Assert(StartupPMChild != NULL);
        StartupStatus = STARTUP_RUNNING;
        /* crash recovery started, reset SIGKILL flag */
        AbortStartTime = 0;
 
        /* start accepting server socket connection events again */
        ConfigurePostmasterWaitSet(true);
    }
}
 
static const char *
pmstate_name(PMState state)
{
#define PM_TOSTR_CASE(sym) case sym: return #sym
    switch (state)
    {
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_INIT);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_STARTUP);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_RECOVERY);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_HOT_STANDBY);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_RUN);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_BACKENDS);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_DEAD_END);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(PM_NO_CHILDREN);
    }
#undef PM_TOSTR_CASE
 
    pg_unreachable();
    return "";                  /* silence compiler */
}
 
/*
 * Simple wrapper for updating pmState. The main reason to have this wrapper
 * is that it makes it easy to log all state transitions.
 */
static void
UpdatePMState(PMState newState)
{
    elog(DEBUG1, "updating PMState from %s to %s",
         pmstate_name(pmState), pmstate_name(newState));
    pmState = newState;
}
 
/*
 * Launch background processes after state change, or relaunch after an
 * existing process has exited.
 *
 * Check the current pmState and the status of any background processes.  If
 * there are any background processes missing that should be running in the
 * current state, but are not, launch them.
 */
static void
LaunchMissingBackgroundProcesses(void)
{
    /* Syslogger is active in all states */
    if (SysLoggerPMChild == NULL && Logging_collector)
        StartSysLogger();
 
    /*
     * The number of configured workers might have changed, or a prior start
     * of a worker might have failed. Check if we need to start/stop any
     * workers.
     *
     * A config file change will always lead to this function being called, so
     * we always will process the config change in a timely manner.
     */
    maybe_adjust_io_workers();
 
    /*
     * The checkpointer and the background writer are active from the start,
     * until shutdown is initiated.
     *
     * (If the checkpointer is not running when we enter the
     * PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN state, it is launched one more time to perform
     * the shutdown checkpoint.  That's done in PostmasterStateMachine(), not
     * here.)
     */
    if (pmState == PM_RUN || pmState == PM_RECOVERY ||
        pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY || pmState == PM_STARTUP)
    {
        if (CheckpointerPMChild == NULL)
            CheckpointerPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_CHECKPOINTER);
        if (BgWriterPMChild == NULL)
            BgWriterPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_BG_WRITER);
    }
 
    /*
     * WAL writer is needed only in normal operation (else we cannot be
     * writing any new WAL).
     */
    if (WalWriterPMChild == NULL && pmState == PM_RUN)
        WalWriterPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_WAL_WRITER);
 
    /*
     * We don't want autovacuum to run in binary upgrade mode because
     * autovacuum might update relfrozenxid for empty tables before the
     * physical files are put in place.
     */
    if (!IsBinaryUpgrade && AutoVacLauncherPMChild == NULL &&
        (AutoVacuumingActive() || start_autovac_launcher) &&
        pmState == PM_RUN)
    {
        AutoVacLauncherPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER);
        if (AutoVacLauncherPMChild != NULL)
            start_autovac_launcher = false; /* signal processed */
    }
 
    /*
     * If WAL archiving is enabled always, we are allowed to start archiver
     * even during recovery.
     */
    if (PgArchPMChild == NULL &&
        ((XLogArchivingActive() && pmState == PM_RUN) ||
         (XLogArchivingAlways() && (pmState == PM_RECOVERY || pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY))) &&
        PgArchCanRestart())
        PgArchPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_ARCHIVER);
 
    /*
     * If we need to start a slot sync worker, try to do that now
     *
     * We allow to start the slot sync worker when we are on a hot standby,
     * fast or immediate shutdown is not in progress, slot sync parameters are
     * configured correctly, and it is the first time of worker's launch, or
     * enough time has passed since the worker was launched last.
     */
    if (SlotSyncWorkerPMChild == NULL && pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY &&
        Shutdown <= SmartShutdown && sync_replication_slots &&
        ValidateSlotSyncParams(LOG) && SlotSyncWorkerCanRestart())
        SlotSyncWorkerPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_SLOTSYNC_WORKER);
 
    /*
     * If we need to start a WAL receiver, try to do that now
     *
     * Note: if a walreceiver process is already running, it might seem that
     * we should clear WalReceiverRequested.  However, there's a race
     * condition if the walreceiver terminates and the startup process
     * immediately requests a new one: it's quite possible to get the signal
     * for the request before reaping the dead walreceiver process.  Better to
     * risk launching an extra walreceiver than to miss launching one we need.
     * (The walreceiver code has logic to recognize that it should go away if
     * not needed.)
     */
    if (WalReceiverRequested)
    {
        if (WalReceiverPMChild == NULL &&
            (pmState == PM_STARTUP || pmState == PM_RECOVERY ||
             pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY) &&
            Shutdown <= SmartShutdown)
        {
            WalReceiverPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_WAL_RECEIVER);
            if (WalReceiverPMChild != 0)
                WalReceiverRequested = false;
            /* else leave the flag set, so we'll try again later */
        }
    }
 
    /* If we need to start a WAL summarizer, try to do that now */
    if (summarize_wal && WalSummarizerPMChild == NULL &&
        (pmState == PM_RUN || pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY) &&
        Shutdown <= SmartShutdown)
        WalSummarizerPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_WAL_SUMMARIZER);
 
    /* Get other worker processes running, if needed */
    if (StartWorkerNeeded || HaveCrashedWorker)
        maybe_start_bgworkers();
}
 
/*
 * Return string representation of signal.
 *
 * Because this is only implemented for signals we already rely on in this
 * file we don't need to deal with unimplemented or same-numeric-value signals
 * (as we'd e.g. have to for EWOULDBLOCK / EAGAIN).
 */
static const char *
pm_signame(int signal)
{
#define PM_TOSTR_CASE(sym) case sym: return #sym
    switch (signal)
    {
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGABRT);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGCHLD);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGHUP);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGINT);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGKILL);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGQUIT);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGTERM);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGUSR1);
            PM_TOSTR_CASE(SIGUSR2);
        default:
            /* all signals sent by postmaster should be listed here */
            Assert(false);
            return "(unknown)";
    }
#undef PM_TOSTR_CASE
 
    return "";                  /* silence compiler */
}
 
/*
 * Send a signal to a postmaster child process
 *
 * On systems that have setsid(), each child process sets itself up as a
 * process group leader.  For signals that are generally interpreted in the
 * appropriate fashion, we signal the entire process group not just the
 * direct child process.  This allows us to, for example, SIGQUIT a blocked
 * archive_recovery script, or SIGINT a script being run by a backend via
 * system().
 *
 * There is a race condition for recently-forked children: they might not
 * have executed setsid() yet.  So we signal the child directly as well as
 * the group.  We assume such a child will handle the signal before trying
 * to spawn any grandchild processes.  We also assume that signaling the
 * child twice will not cause any problems.
 */
static void
signal_child(PMChild *pmchild, int signal)
{
    pid_t       pid = pmchild->pid;
 
    ereport(DEBUG3,
            (errmsg_internal("sending signal %d/%s to %s process with pid %d",
                             signal, pm_signame(signal),
                             GetBackendTypeDesc(pmchild->bkend_type),
                             (int) pmchild->pid)));
 
    if (kill(pid, signal) < 0)
        elog(DEBUG3, "kill(%ld,%d) failed: %m", (long) pid, signal);
#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
    switch (signal)
    {
        case SIGINT:
        case SIGTERM:
        case SIGQUIT:
        case SIGKILL:
        case SIGABRT:
            if (kill(-pid, signal) < 0)
                elog(DEBUG3, "kill(%ld,%d) failed: %m", (long) (-pid), signal);
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
#endif
}
 
/*
 * Send a signal to the targeted children.
 */
static bool
SignalChildren(int signal, BackendTypeMask targetMask)
{
    dlist_iter  iter;
    bool        signaled = false;
 
    dlist_foreach(iter, &ActiveChildList)
    {
        PMChild    *bp = dlist_container(PMChild, elem, iter.cur);
 
        /*
         * If we need to distinguish between B_BACKEND and B_WAL_SENDER, check
         * if any B_BACKEND backends have recently announced that they are
         * actually WAL senders.
         */
        if (btmask_contains(targetMask, B_WAL_SENDER) != btmask_contains(targetMask, B_BACKEND) &&
            bp->bkend_type == B_BACKEND)
        {
            if (IsPostmasterChildWalSender(bp->child_slot))
                bp->bkend_type = B_WAL_SENDER;
        }
 
        if (!btmask_contains(targetMask, bp->bkend_type))
            continue;
 
        signal_child(bp, signal);
        signaled = true;
    }
    return signaled;
}
 
/*
 * Send a termination signal to children.  This considers all of our children
 * processes, except syslogger.
 */
static void
TerminateChildren(int signal)
{
    SignalChildren(signal, btmask_all_except(B_LOGGER));
    if (StartupPMChild != NULL)
    {
        if (signal == SIGQUIT || signal == SIGKILL || signal == SIGABRT)
            StartupStatus = STARTUP_SIGNALED;
    }
}
 
/*
 * BackendStartup -- start backend process
 *
 * returns: STATUS_ERROR if the fork failed, STATUS_OK otherwise.
 *
 * Note: if you change this code, also consider StartAutovacuumWorker and
 * StartBackgroundWorker.
 */
static int
BackendStartup(ClientSocket *client_sock)
{
    PMChild    *bn = NULL;
    pid_t       pid;
    BackendStartupData startup_data;
    CAC_state   cac;
 
    /*
     * Capture time that Postmaster got a socket from accept (for logging
     * connection establishment and setup total duration).
     */
    startup_data.socket_created = GetCurrentTimestamp();
 
    /*
     * Allocate and assign the child slot.  Note we must do this before
     * forking, so that we can handle failures (out of memory or child-process
     * slots) cleanly.
     */
    cac = canAcceptConnections(B_BACKEND);
    if (cac == CAC_OK)
    {
        /* Can change later to B_WAL_SENDER */
        bn = AssignPostmasterChildSlot(B_BACKEND);
        if (!bn)
        {
            /*
             * Too many regular child processes; launch a dead-end child
             * process instead.
             */
            cac = CAC_TOOMANY;
        }
    }
    if (!bn)
    {
        bn = AllocDeadEndChild();
        if (!bn)
        {
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                     errmsg("out of memory")));
            return STATUS_ERROR;
        }
    }
 
    /* Pass down canAcceptConnections state */
    startup_data.canAcceptConnections = cac;
    bn->rw = NULL;
 
    /* Hasn't asked to be notified about any bgworkers yet */
    bn->bgworker_notify = false;
 
    pid = postmaster_child_launch(bn->bkend_type, bn->child_slot,
                                  &startup_data, sizeof(startup_data),
                                  client_sock);
    if (pid < 0)
    {
        /* in parent, fork failed */
        int         save_errno = errno;
 
        (void) ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(bn);
        errno = save_errno;
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("could not fork new process for connection: %m")));
        report_fork_failure_to_client(client_sock, save_errno);
        return STATUS_ERROR;
    }
 
    /* in parent, successful fork */
    ereport(DEBUG2,
            (errmsg_internal("forked new %s, pid=%d socket=%d",
                             GetBackendTypeDesc(bn->bkend_type),
                             (int) pid, (int) client_sock->sock)));
 
    /*
     * Everything's been successful, it's safe to add this backend to our list
     * of backends.
     */
    bn->pid = pid;
    return STATUS_OK;
}
 
/*
 * Try to report backend fork() failure to client before we close the
 * connection.  Since we do not care to risk blocking the postmaster on
 * this connection, we set the connection to non-blocking and try only once.
 *
 * This is grungy special-purpose code; we cannot use backend libpq since
 * it's not up and running.
 */
static void
report_fork_failure_to_client(ClientSocket *client_sock, int errnum)
{
    char        buffer[1000];
    int         rc;
 
    /* Format the error message packet (always V2 protocol) */
    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "E%s%s\n",
             _("could not fork new process for connection: "),
             strerror(errnum));
 
    /* Set port to non-blocking.  Don't do send() if this fails */
    if (!pg_set_noblock(client_sock->sock))
        return;
 
    /* We'll retry after EINTR, but ignore all other failures */
    do
    {
        rc = send(client_sock->sock, buffer, strlen(buffer) + 1, 0);
    } while (rc < 0 && errno == EINTR);
}
 
/*
 * ExitPostmaster -- cleanup
 *
 * Do NOT call exit() directly --- always go through here!
 */
static void
ExitPostmaster(int status)
{
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_IS_THREADED_NP
 
    /*
     * There is no known cause for a postmaster to become multithreaded after
     * startup.  However, we might reach here via an error exit before
     * reaching the test in PostmasterMain, so provide the same hint as there.
     * This message uses LOG level, because an unclean shutdown at this point
     * would usually not look much different from a clean shutdown.
     */
    if (pthread_is_threaded_np() != 0)
        ereport(LOG,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
                 errmsg("postmaster became multithreaded"),
                 errhint("Set the LC_ALL environment variable to a valid locale.")));
#endif
 
    /* should cleanup shared memory and kill all backends */
 
    /*
     * Not sure of the semantics here.  When the Postmaster dies, should the
     * backends all be killed? probably not.
     *
     * MUST     -- vadim 05-10-1999
     */
 
    proc_exit(status);
}
 
/*
 * Handle pmsignal conditions representing requests from backends,
 * and check for promote and logrotate requests from pg_ctl.
 */
static void
process_pm_pmsignal(void)
{
    bool        request_state_update = false;
 
    pending_pm_pmsignal = false;
 
    ereport(DEBUG2,
            (errmsg_internal("postmaster received pmsignal signal")));
 
    /*
     * RECOVERY_STARTED and BEGIN_HOT_STANDBY signals are ignored in
     * unexpected states. If the startup process quickly starts up, completes
     * recovery, exits, we might process the death of the startup process
     * first. We don't want to go back to recovery in that case.
     */
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_RECOVERY_STARTED) &&
        pmState == PM_STARTUP && Shutdown == NoShutdown)
    {
        /* WAL redo has started. We're out of reinitialization. */
        FatalError = false;
        AbortStartTime = 0;
        reachedConsistency = false;
 
        /*
         * Start the archiver if we're responsible for (re-)archiving received
         * files.
         */
        Assert(PgArchPMChild == NULL);
        if (XLogArchivingAlways())
            PgArchPMChild = StartChildProcess(B_ARCHIVER);
 
        /*
         * If we aren't planning to enter hot standby mode later, treat
         * RECOVERY_STARTED as meaning we're out of startup, and report status
         * accordingly.
         */
        if (!EnableHotStandby)
        {
            AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_STANDBY);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
            sd_notify(0, "READY=1");
#endif
        }
 
        UpdatePMState(PM_RECOVERY);
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_RECOVERY_CONSISTENT) &&
        pmState == PM_RECOVERY && Shutdown == NoShutdown)
    {
        reachedConsistency = true;
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_BEGIN_HOT_STANDBY) &&
        (pmState == PM_RECOVERY && Shutdown == NoShutdown))
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("database system is ready to accept read-only connections")));
 
        /* Report status */
        AddToDataDirLockFile(LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS, PM_STATUS_READY);
#ifdef USE_SYSTEMD
        sd_notify(0, "READY=1");
#endif
 
        UpdatePMState(PM_HOT_STANDBY);
        connsAllowed = true;
 
        /* Some workers may be scheduled to start now */
        StartWorkerNeeded = true;
    }
 
    /* Process background worker state changes. */
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_BACKGROUND_WORKER_CHANGE))
    {
        /* Accept new worker requests only if not stopping. */
        BackgroundWorkerStateChange(pmState < PM_STOP_BACKENDS);
        StartWorkerNeeded = true;
    }
 
    /* Tell syslogger to rotate logfile if requested */
    if (SysLoggerPMChild != NULL)
    {
        if (CheckLogrotateSignal())
        {
            signal_child(SysLoggerPMChild, SIGUSR1);
            RemoveLogrotateSignalFiles();
        }
        else if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_ROTATE_LOGFILE))
        {
            signal_child(SysLoggerPMChild, SIGUSR1);
        }
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER) &&
        Shutdown <= SmartShutdown && pmState < PM_STOP_BACKENDS)
    {
        /*
         * Start one iteration of the autovacuum daemon, even if autovacuuming
         * is nominally not enabled.  This is so we can have an active defense
         * against transaction ID wraparound.  We set a flag for the main loop
         * to do it rather than trying to do it here --- this is because the
         * autovac process itself may send the signal, and we want to handle
         * that by launching another iteration as soon as the current one
         * completes.
         */
        start_autovac_launcher = true;
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_WORKER) &&
        Shutdown <= SmartShutdown && pmState < PM_STOP_BACKENDS)
    {
        /* The autovacuum launcher wants us to start a worker process. */
        StartAutovacuumWorker();
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_WALRECEIVER))
    {
        /* Startup Process wants us to start the walreceiver process. */
        WalReceiverRequested = true;
    }
 
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_XLOG_IS_SHUTDOWN))
    {
        /* Checkpointer completed the shutdown checkpoint */
        if (pmState == PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN)
        {
            /*
             * If we have an archiver subprocess, tell it to do a last archive
             * cycle and quit. Likewise, if we have walsender processes, tell
             * them to send any remaining WAL and quit.
             */
            Assert(Shutdown > NoShutdown);
 
            /* Waken archiver for the last time */
            if (PgArchPMChild != NULL)
                signal_child(PgArchPMChild, SIGUSR2);
 
            /*
             * Waken walsenders for the last time. No regular backends should
             * be around anymore.
             */
            SignalChildren(SIGUSR2, btmask(B_WAL_SENDER));
 
            UpdatePMState(PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL);
        }
        else if (!FatalError && Shutdown != ImmediateShutdown)
        {
            /*
             * Checkpointer only ought to perform the shutdown checkpoint
             * during shutdown.  If somehow checkpointer did so in another
             * situation, we have no choice but to crash-restart.
             *
             * It's possible however that we get PMSIGNAL_XLOG_IS_SHUTDOWN
             * outside of PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN if an orderly shutdown was
             * "interrupted" by a crash or an immediate shutdown.
             */
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errmsg("WAL was shut down unexpectedly")));
 
            /*
             * Doesn't seem likely to help to take send_abort_for_crash into
             * account here.
             */
            HandleFatalError(PMQUIT_FOR_CRASH, false);
        }
 
        /*
         * Need to run PostmasterStateMachine() to check if we already can go
         * to the next state.
         */
        request_state_update = true;
    }
 
    /*
     * Try to advance postmaster's state machine, if a child requests it.
     */
    if (CheckPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_ADVANCE_STATE_MACHINE))
    {
        request_state_update = true;
    }
 
    /*
     * Be careful about the order of this action relative to this function's
     * other actions.  Generally, this should be after other actions, in case
     * they have effects PostmasterStateMachine would need to know about.
     * However, we should do it before the CheckPromoteSignal step, which
     * cannot have any (immediate) effect on the state machine, but does
     * depend on what state we're in now.
     */
    if (request_state_update)
    {
        PostmasterStateMachine();
    }
 
    if (StartupPMChild != NULL &&
        (pmState == PM_STARTUP || pmState == PM_RECOVERY ||
         pmState == PM_HOT_STANDBY) &&
        CheckPromoteSignal())
    {
        /*
         * Tell startup process to finish recovery.
         *
         * Leave the promote signal file in place and let the Startup process
         * do the unlink.
         */
        signal_child(StartupPMChild, SIGUSR2);
    }
}
 
/*
 * Dummy signal handler
 *
 * We use this for signals that we don't actually use in the postmaster,
 * but we do use in backends.  If we were to SIG_IGN such signals in the
 * postmaster, then a newly started backend might drop a signal that arrives
 * before it's able to reconfigure its signal processing.  (See notes in
 * tcop/postgres.c.)
 */
static void
dummy_handler(SIGNAL_ARGS)
{
}
 
/*
 * Count up number of child processes of specified types.
 */
static int
CountChildren(BackendTypeMask targetMask)
{
    dlist_iter  iter;
    int         cnt = 0;
 
    dlist_foreach(iter, &ActiveChildList)
    {
        PMChild    *bp = dlist_container(PMChild, elem, iter.cur);
 
        /*
         * If we need to distinguish between B_BACKEND and B_WAL_SENDER, check
         * if any B_BACKEND backends have recently announced that they are
         * actually WAL senders.
         */
        if (btmask_contains(targetMask, B_WAL_SENDER) != btmask_contains(targetMask, B_BACKEND) &&
            bp->bkend_type == B_BACKEND)
        {
            if (IsPostmasterChildWalSender(bp->child_slot))
                bp->bkend_type = B_WAL_SENDER;
        }
 
        if (!btmask_contains(targetMask, bp->bkend_type))
            continue;
 
        ereport(DEBUG4,
                (errmsg_internal("%s process %d is still running",
                                 GetBackendTypeDesc(bp->bkend_type), (int) bp->pid)));
 
        cnt++;
    }
    return cnt;
}
 
 
/*
 * StartChildProcess -- start an auxiliary process for the postmaster
 *
 * "type" determines what kind of child will be started.  All child types
 * initially go to AuxiliaryProcessMain, which will handle common setup.
 *
 * Return value of StartChildProcess is subprocess' PMChild entry, or NULL on
 * failure.
 */
static PMChild *
StartChildProcess(BackendType type)
{
    PMChild    *pmchild;
    pid_t       pid;
 
    pmchild = AssignPostmasterChildSlot(type);
    if (!pmchild)
    {
        if (type == B_AUTOVAC_WORKER)
            ereport(LOG,
                    (errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                     errmsg("no slot available for new autovacuum worker process")));
        else
        {
            /* shouldn't happen because we allocate enough slots */
            elog(LOG, "no postmaster child slot available for aux process");
        }
        return NULL;
    }
 
    pid = postmaster_child_launch(type, pmchild->child_slot, NULL, 0, NULL);
    if (pid < 0)
    {
        /* in parent, fork failed */
        ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(pmchild);
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("could not fork \"%s\" process: %m", PostmasterChildName(type))));
 
        /*
         * fork failure is fatal during startup, but there's no need to choke
         * immediately if starting other child types fails.
         */
        if (type == B_STARTUP)
            ExitPostmaster(1);
        return NULL;
    }
 
    /* in parent, successful fork */
    pmchild->pid = pid;
    return pmchild;
}
 
/*
 * StartSysLogger -- start the syslogger process
 */
void
StartSysLogger(void)
{
    Assert(SysLoggerPMChild == NULL);
 
    SysLoggerPMChild = AssignPostmasterChildSlot(B_LOGGER);
    if (!SysLoggerPMChild)
        elog(PANIC, "no postmaster child slot available for syslogger");
    SysLoggerPMChild->pid = SysLogger_Start(SysLoggerPMChild->child_slot);
    if (SysLoggerPMChild->pid == 0)
    {
        ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(SysLoggerPMChild);
        SysLoggerPMChild = NULL;
    }
}
 
/*
 * StartAutovacuumWorker
 *      Start an autovac worker process.
 *
 * This function is here because it enters the resulting PID into the
 * postmaster's private backends list.
 *
 * NB -- this code very roughly matches BackendStartup.
 */
static void
StartAutovacuumWorker(void)
{
    PMChild    *bn;
 
    /*
     * If not in condition to run a process, don't try, but handle it like a
     * fork failure.  This does not normally happen, since the signal is only
     * supposed to be sent by autovacuum launcher when it's OK to do it, but
     * we have to check to avoid race-condition problems during DB state
     * changes.
     */
    if (canAcceptConnections(B_AUTOVAC_WORKER) == CAC_OK)
    {
        bn = StartChildProcess(B_AUTOVAC_WORKER);
        if (bn)
        {
            bn->bgworker_notify = false;
            bn->rw = NULL;
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            /*
             * fork failed, fall through to report -- actual error message was
             * logged by StartChildProcess
             */
        }
    }
 
    /*
     * Report the failure to the launcher, if it's running.  (If it's not, we
     * might not even be connected to shared memory, so don't try to call
     * AutoVacWorkerFailed.)  Note that we also need to signal it so that it
     * responds to the condition, but we don't do that here, instead waiting
     * for ServerLoop to do it.  This way we avoid a ping-pong signaling in
     * quick succession between the autovac launcher and postmaster in case
     * things get ugly.
     */
    if (AutoVacLauncherPMChild != NULL)
    {
        AutoVacWorkerFailed();
        avlauncher_needs_signal = true;
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * Create the opts file
 */
static bool
CreateOptsFile(int argc, char *argv[], char *fullprogname)
{
    FILE       *fp;
    int         i;
 
#define OPTS_FILE   "postmaster.opts"
 
    if ((fp = fopen(OPTS_FILE, "w")) == NULL)
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not create file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE)));
        return false;
    }
 
    fprintf(fp, "%s", fullprogname);
    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
        fprintf(fp, " \"%s\"", argv[i]);
    fputs("\n", fp);
 
    if (fclose(fp))
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg("could not write file \"%s\": %m", OPTS_FILE)));
        return false;
    }
 
    return true;
}
 
 
/*
 * Start a new bgworker.
 * Starting time conditions must have been checked already.
 *
 * Returns true on success, false on failure.
 * In either case, update the RegisteredBgWorker's state appropriately.
 *
 * NB -- this code very roughly matches BackendStartup.
 */
static bool
StartBackgroundWorker(RegisteredBgWorker *rw)
{
    PMChild    *bn;
    pid_t       worker_pid;
 
    Assert(rw->rw_pid == 0);
 
    /*
     * Allocate and assign the child slot.  Note we must do this before
     * forking, so that we can handle failures (out of memory or child-process
     * slots) cleanly.
     *
     * Treat failure as though the worker had crashed.  That way, the
     * postmaster will wait a bit before attempting to start it again; if we
     * tried again right away, most likely we'd find ourselves hitting the
     * same resource-exhaustion condition.
     */
    bn = AssignPostmasterChildSlot(B_BG_WORKER);
    if (bn == NULL)
    {
        ereport(LOG,
                (errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                 errmsg("no slot available for new background worker process")));
        rw->rw_crashed_at = GetCurrentTimestamp();
        return false;
    }
    bn->rw = rw;
    bn->bkend_type = B_BG_WORKER;
    bn->bgworker_notify = false;
 
    ereport(DEBUG1,
            (errmsg_internal("starting background worker process \"%s\"",
                             rw->rw_worker.bgw_name)));
 
    worker_pid = postmaster_child_launch(B_BG_WORKER, bn->child_slot,
                                         &rw->rw_worker, sizeof(BackgroundWorker), NULL);
    if (worker_pid == -1)
    {
        /* in postmaster, fork failed ... */
        ereport(LOG,
                (errmsg("could not fork background worker process: %m")));
        /* undo what AssignPostmasterChildSlot did */
        ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(bn);
 
        /* mark entry as crashed, so we'll try again later */
        rw->rw_crashed_at = GetCurrentTimestamp();
        return false;
    }
 
    /* in postmaster, fork successful ... */
    rw->rw_pid = worker_pid;
    bn->pid = rw->rw_pid;
    ReportBackgroundWorkerPID(rw);
    return true;
}
 
/*
 * Does the current postmaster state require starting a worker with the
 * specified start_time?
 */
static bool
bgworker_should_start_now(BgWorkerStartTime start_time)
{
    switch (pmState)
    {
        case PM_NO_CHILDREN:
        case PM_WAIT_CHECKPOINTER:
        case PM_WAIT_DEAD_END:
        case PM_WAIT_XLOG_ARCHIVAL:
        case PM_WAIT_XLOG_SHUTDOWN:
        case PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS:
        case PM_WAIT_BACKENDS:
        case PM_STOP_BACKENDS:
            break;
 
        case PM_RUN:
            if (start_time == BgWorkerStart_RecoveryFinished)
                return true;
            /* fall through */
 
        case PM_HOT_STANDBY:
            if (start_time == BgWorkerStart_ConsistentState)
                return true;
            /* fall through */
 
        case PM_RECOVERY:
        case PM_STARTUP:
        case PM_INIT:
            if (start_time == BgWorkerStart_PostmasterStart)
                return true;
            /* fall through */
    }
 
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * If the time is right, start background worker(s).
 *
 * As a side effect, the bgworker control variables are set or reset
 * depending on whether more workers may need to be started.
 *
 * We limit the number of workers started per call, to avoid consuming the
 * postmaster's attention for too long when many such requests are pending.
 * As long as StartWorkerNeeded is true, ServerLoop will not block and will
 * call this function again after dealing with any other issues.
 */
static void
maybe_start_bgworkers(void)
{
#define MAX_BGWORKERS_TO_LAUNCH 100
    int         num_launched = 0;
    TimestampTz now = 0;
    dlist_mutable_iter iter;
 
    /*
     * During crash recovery, we have no need to be called until the state
     * transition out of recovery.
     */
    if (FatalError)
    {
        StartWorkerNeeded = false;
        HaveCrashedWorker = false;
        return;
    }
 
    /* Don't need to be called again unless we find a reason for it below */
    StartWorkerNeeded = false;
    HaveCrashedWorker = false;
 
    dlist_foreach_modify(iter, &BackgroundWorkerList)
    {
        RegisteredBgWorker *rw;
 
        rw = dlist_container(RegisteredBgWorker, rw_lnode, iter.cur);
 
        /* ignore if already running */
        if (rw->rw_pid != 0)
            continue;
 
        /* if marked for death, clean up and remove from list */
        if (rw->rw_terminate)
        {
            ForgetBackgroundWorker(rw);
            continue;
        }
 
        /*
         * If this worker has crashed previously, maybe it needs to be
         * restarted (unless on registration it specified it doesn't want to
         * be restarted at all).  Check how long ago did a crash last happen.
         * If the last crash is too recent, don't start it right away; let it
         * be restarted once enough time has passed.
         */
        if (rw->rw_crashed_at != 0)
        {
            if (rw->rw_worker.bgw_restart_time == BGW_NEVER_RESTART)
            {
                int         notify_pid;
 
                notify_pid = rw->rw_worker.bgw_notify_pid;
 
                ForgetBackgroundWorker(rw);
 
                /* Report worker is gone now. */
                if (notify_pid != 0)
                    kill(notify_pid, SIGUSR1);
 
                continue;
            }
 
            /* read system time only when needed */
            if (now == 0)
                now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
 
            if (!TimestampDifferenceExceeds(rw->rw_crashed_at, now,
                                            rw->rw_worker.bgw_restart_time * 1000))
            {
                /* Set flag to remember that we have workers to start later */
                HaveCrashedWorker = true;
                continue;
            }
        }
 
        if (bgworker_should_start_now(rw->rw_worker.bgw_start_time))
        {
            /* reset crash time before trying to start worker */
            rw->rw_crashed_at = 0;
 
            /*
             * Try to start the worker.
             *
             * On failure, give up processing workers for now, but set
             * StartWorkerNeeded so we'll come back here on the next iteration
             * of ServerLoop to try again.  (We don't want to wait, because
             * there might be additional ready-to-run workers.)  We could set
             * HaveCrashedWorker as well, since this worker is now marked
             * crashed, but there's no need because the next run of this
             * function will do that.
             */
            if (!StartBackgroundWorker(rw))
            {
                StartWorkerNeeded = true;
                return;
            }
 
            /*
             * If we've launched as many workers as allowed, quit, but have
             * ServerLoop call us again to look for additional ready-to-run
             * workers.  There might not be any, but we'll find out the next
             * time we run.
             */
            if (++num_launched >= MAX_BGWORKERS_TO_LAUNCH)
            {
                StartWorkerNeeded = true;
                return;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
static bool
maybe_reap_io_worker(int pid)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_IO_WORKERS; ++i)
    {
        if (io_worker_children[i] &&
            io_worker_children[i]->pid == pid)
        {
            ReleasePostmasterChildSlot(io_worker_children[i]);
 
            --io_worker_count;
            io_worker_children[i] = NULL;
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
/*
 * Start or stop IO workers, to close the gap between the number of running
 * workers and the number of configured workers.  Used to respond to change of
 * the io_workers GUC (by increasing and decreasing the number of workers), as
 * well as workers terminating in response to errors (by starting
 * "replacement" workers).
 */
static void
maybe_adjust_io_workers(void)
{
    if (!pgaio_workers_enabled())
        return;
 
    /*
     * If we're in final shutting down state, then we're just waiting for all
     * processes to exit.
     */
    if (pmState >= PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS)
        return;
 
    /* Don't start new workers during an immediate shutdown either. */
    if (Shutdown >= ImmediateShutdown)
        return;
 
    /*
     * Don't start new workers if we're in the shutdown phase of a crash
     * restart. But we *do* need to start if we're already starting up again.
     */
    if (FatalError && pmState >= PM_STOP_BACKENDS)
        return;
 
    Assert(pmState < PM_WAIT_IO_WORKERS);
 
    /* Not enough running? */
    while (io_worker_count < io_workers)
    {
        PMChild    *child;
        int         i;
 
        /* find unused entry in io_worker_children array */
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_IO_WORKERS; ++i)
        {
            if (io_worker_children[i] == NULL)
                break;
        }
        if (i == MAX_IO_WORKERS)
            elog(ERROR, "could not find a free IO worker slot");
 
        /* Try to launch one. */
        child = StartChildProcess(B_IO_WORKER);
        if (child != NULL)
        {
            io_worker_children[i] = child;
            ++io_worker_count;
        }
        else
            break;              /* try again next time */
    }
 
    /* Too many running? */
    if (io_worker_count > io_workers)
    {
        /* ask the IO worker in the highest slot to exit */
        for (int i = MAX_IO_WORKERS - 1; i >= 0; --i)
        {
            if (io_worker_children[i] != NULL)
            {
                kill(io_worker_children[i]->pid, SIGUSR2);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
 
/*
 * When a backend asks to be notified about worker state changes, we
 * set a flag in its backend entry.  The background worker machinery needs
 * to know when such backends exit.
 */
bool
PostmasterMarkPIDForWorkerNotify(int pid)
{
    dlist_iter  iter;
    PMChild    *bp;
 
    dlist_foreach(iter, &ActiveChildList)
    {
        bp = dlist_container(PMChild, elem, iter.cur);
        if (bp->pid == pid)
        {
            bp->bgworker_notify = true;
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
#ifdef WIN32
 
/*
 * Subset implementation of waitpid() for Windows.  We assume pid is -1
 * (that is, check all child processes) and options is WNOHANG (don't wait).
 */
static pid_t
waitpid(pid_t pid, int *exitstatus, int options)
{
    win32_deadchild_waitinfo *childinfo;
    DWORD       exitcode;
    DWORD       dwd;
    ULONG_PTR   key;
    OVERLAPPED *ovl;
 
    /* Try to consume one win32_deadchild_waitinfo from the queue. */
    if (!GetQueuedCompletionStatus(win32ChildQueue, &dwd, &key, &ovl, 0))
    {
        errno = EAGAIN;
        return -1;
    }
 
    childinfo = (win32_deadchild_waitinfo *) key;
    pid = childinfo->procId;
 
    /*
     * Remove handle from wait - required even though it's set to wait only
     * once
     */
    UnregisterWaitEx(childinfo->waitHandle, NULL);
 
    if (!GetExitCodeProcess(childinfo->procHandle, &exitcode))
    {
        /*
         * Should never happen. Inform user and set a fixed exitcode.
         */
        write_stderr("could not read exit code for process\n");
        exitcode = 255;
    }
    *exitstatus = exitcode;
 
    /*
     * Close the process handle.  Only after this point can the PID can be
     * recycled by the kernel.
     */
    CloseHandle(childinfo->procHandle);
 
    /*
     * Free struct that was allocated before the call to
     * RegisterWaitForSingleObject()
     */
    pfree(childinfo);
 
    return pid;
}
 
/*
 * Note! Code below executes on a thread pool! All operations must
 * be thread safe! Note that elog() and friends must *not* be used.
 */
static void WINAPI
pgwin32_deadchild_callback(PVOID lpParameter, BOOLEAN TimerOrWaitFired)
{
    /* Should never happen, since we use INFINITE as timeout value. */
    if (TimerOrWaitFired)
        return;
 
    /*
     * Post the win32_deadchild_waitinfo object for waitpid() to deal with. If
     * that fails, we leak the object, but we also leak a whole process and
     * get into an unrecoverable state, so there's not much point in worrying
     * about that.  We'd like to panic, but we can't use that infrastructure
     * from this thread.
     */
    if (!PostQueuedCompletionStatus(win32ChildQueue,
                                    0,
                                    (ULONG_PTR) lpParameter,
                                    NULL))
        write_stderr("could not post child completion status\n");
 
    /* Queue SIGCHLD signal. */
    pg_queue_signal(SIGCHLD);
}
 
/*
 * Queue a waiter to signal when this child dies.  The wait will be handled
 * automatically by an operating system thread pool.  The memory and the
 * process handle will be freed by a later call to waitpid().
 */
void
pgwin32_register_deadchild_callback(HANDLE procHandle, DWORD procId)
{
    win32_deadchild_waitinfo *childinfo;
 
    childinfo = palloc(sizeof(win32_deadchild_waitinfo));
    childinfo->procHandle = procHandle;
    childinfo->procId = procId;
 
    if (!RegisterWaitForSingleObject(&childinfo->waitHandle,
                                     procHandle,
                                     pgwin32_deadchild_callback,
                                     childinfo,
                                     INFINITE,
                                     WT_EXECUTEONLYONCE | WT_EXECUTEINWAITTHREAD))
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg_internal("could not register process for wait: error code %lu",
                                 GetLastError())));
}
 
#endif                          /* WIN32 */
 
/*
 * Initialize one and only handle for monitoring postmaster death.
 *
 * Called once in the postmaster, so that child processes can subsequently
 * monitor if their parent is dead.
 */
static void
InitPostmasterDeathWatchHandle(void)
{
#ifndef WIN32
 
    /*
     * Create a pipe. Postmaster holds the write end of the pipe open
     * (POSTMASTER_FD_OWN), and children hold the read end. Children can pass
     * the read file descriptor to select() to wake up in case postmaster
     * dies, or check for postmaster death with a (read() == 0). Children must
     * close the write end as soon as possible after forking, because EOF
     * won't be signaled in the read end until all processes have closed the
     * write fd. That is taken care of in ClosePostmasterPorts().
     */
    Assert(MyProcPid == PostmasterPid);
    if (pipe(postmaster_alive_fds) < 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errcode_for_file_access(),
                 errmsg_internal("could not create pipe to monitor postmaster death: %m")));
 
    /* Notify fd.c that we've eaten two FDs for the pipe. */
    ReserveExternalFD();
    ReserveExternalFD();
 
    /*
     * Set O_NONBLOCK to allow testing for the fd's presence with a read()
     * call.
     */
    if (fcntl(postmaster_alive_fds[POSTMASTER_FD_WATCH], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) == -1)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errcode_for_socket_access(),
                 errmsg_internal("could not set postmaster death monitoring pipe to nonblocking mode: %m")));
#else
 
    /*
     * On Windows, we use a process handle for the same purpose.
     */
    if (DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(),
                        GetCurrentProcess(),
                        GetCurrentProcess(),
                        &PostmasterHandle,
                        0,
                        TRUE,
                        DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS) == 0)
        ereport(FATAL,
                (errmsg_internal("could not duplicate postmaster handle: error code %lu",
                                 GetLastError())));
#endif                          /* WIN32 */
}