Take a look in your root index.php file. There's a block for
if (isset($_SERVER['MAGE_IS_DEVELOPER_MODE'])) {
Mage::setIsDeveloperMode(true);
}
From there you can either add a line to your root .htaccess file, something like
SetEnv MAGE_IS_DEVELOPER_MODE true
or if you don't have access to the root .htaccess file, just go into your root index.php file and set the $_SERVER variable before the check like
$_SERVER['MAGE_IS_DEVELOPER_MODE'] = true;
and that'll activate Magento's developer mode and give you some more insight into what's going on. From there you could do what Digital Pianism suggested and check out your var/report folder, var/log/system.log, and var/log/exception.log. Depending on what the error is, it might be in your web server's error log as well.
Past that, if you've got a local build, you could install the XDEBUG PHP extension and plug it into an IDE (Eclipse, Netbeans, PHPStorm) and then step through the code with breakpoints to see exactly what's throwing the error.