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I have a task to make a code that takes a list of undefined number and print all permutations with the first constant using recursion and here is a code I wrote but I don't know where is the problem

 portnames = ["PAN", "AMS", "CAS", "NYC", "HEL"]


def permutations(route, ports):
    for items in ports:
        route.append(ports)
        ports = ports[:items]+ports[items+1:]
        permutations(route, ports)
    print(' '.join([portnames[i] for i in route]))


permutations([0], list(range(1, len(portnames))))

note: the function must contain

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7
  • What is the problem? What happens, what should happen? Commented Sep 10, 2022 at 9:42
  • Is the problem the maximum recursion depth gets exceeded fir this simple problem? Commented Sep 10, 2022 at 9:44
  • generally speaking, if the recursion is large, then the code will get stack overflow. You can avoid this with loops, but in your case, for permutations, you can actually use the inbuilt itertools module. Commented Sep 10, 2022 at 10:29
  • A good reference to recursive code in Python with an explanation is: Generate Permutations in Python Recursively From Scratch Commented Sep 10, 2022 at 10:32
  • @DarrylG. yes it says "maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object" Commented Sep 10, 2022 at 10:50

2 Answers 2

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2

We can write permutations(t) of any iterable t using inductive reasoning -

  1. if t is empty, yield the empty permutation, ()
  2. (inductive) t has at least one element. For all p of the recursive sub-problem permutations(t[1:]), for all i of inserts(p, t[0]), yield i
def permutations(t):
  if not t:
    yield ()                       # 1. empty t
  else:
    for p in permutations(t[1:]):  # 2. at least one element
      for i in inserts(p, t[0]):
        yield i

Where inserts(t, x) can be written using inductive reasoning as well -

  1. If the input t is empty, yield the final insert, (x)
  2. (inductive) t has at least one element. yield x prepended to t and for all i of the recursive sub-problem inserts(t[1:], x) yield t[0] prepended to i
def inserts(t, x):
  if not t:
    yield (x,)                       # 1. empty t
  else:
    yield (x, *t)                    # 2. at least one element
    for i in inserts(t[1:], x):
      yield (t[0], *i)

t = ("🔴","🟢","🔵","🟡")
for p in permutations(t):
  print("".join(p))

🔴🟢🔵🟡
🟢🔴🔵🟡
🟢🔵🔴🟡
🟢🔵🟡🔴
🔴🔵🟢🟡
🔵🔴🟢🟡
🔵🟢🔴🟡
🔵🟢🟡🔴
🔴🔵🟡🟢
🔵🔴🟡🟢
🔵🟡🔴🟢
🔵🟡🟢🔴
🔴🟢🟡🔵
🟢🔴🟡🔵
🟢🟡🔴🔵
🟢🟡🔵🔴
🔴🟡🟢🔵
🟡🔴🟢🔵
🟡🟢🔴🔵
🟡🟢🔵🔴
🔴🟡🔵🟢
🟡🔴🔵🟢
🟡🔵🔴🟢
🟡🔵🟢🔴

Python has strong support for generators and offers delegation using yield from ... We can simplify the above definitions while maintaining the exact same behaviour -

def permutations(t):
  if not t:
    yield ()
  else:
    for p in permutations(t[1:]):
      yield from inserts(p, t[0])  # <-

def inserts(t, x):
  if not t:
    yield (x,)
  else:
    yield (x, *t)
    yield from map(lambda r: (t[0], *r), inserts(t[1:], x)) # <-

Generators are a good fit for combinatorics because working with them is natural and straightforward -

# find all permutations where red is left of green
for p in permutations(t):
  if p.index("🔴") < p.index("🟢"):
    print("".join(p))

🔴🟢🔵🟡
🔴🔵🟢🟡
🔵🔴🟢🟡
🔴🔵🟡🟢
🔵🔴🟡🟢
🔵🟡🔴🟢
🔴🟢🟡🔵
🔴🟡🟢🔵
🟡🔴🟢🔵
🔴🟡🔵🟢
🟡🔴🔵🟢
🟡🔵🔴🟢

# find all permutations where blue and yellow are adjacent
for p in permutations(t):
  if abs(p.index("🔵") - p.index("🟡")) == 1:
    print("".join(p))

🔴🟢🔵🟡
🟢🔴🔵🟡
🟢🔵🟡🔴
🔴🔵🟡🟢
🔵🟡🔴🟢
🔵🟡🟢🔴
🔴🟢🟡🔵
🟢🔴🟡🔵
🟢🟡🔵🔴
🔴🟡🔵🟢
🟡🔵🔴🟢
🟡🔵🟢🔴

Additionally generators can be paused/stopped at any time, allowing us to skip potentially millions of computations for significantly large problems -

# which permutation is in rainbow order?
for (n, p) in enumerate(permutations(t)):
  if p == ("🔴", "🟡", "🟢", "🔵"):
    print(f"permutation {n} is in rainbow order, {p}")
    break  # <- stops generating additional permutations

permutation 16 is in rainbow order, ('🔴', '🟡', '🟢', '🔵')

We use permutations with your portnames data now -

portnames = ["PAN", "AMS", "CAS", "NYC", "HEL"]
for x in permutations(portnames):
  print(x)

('PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS')
('HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN')
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2 Comments

how you did the colored stuff? Nice implementation by the way:)
python supports unicode strings, so your string can contain all the popupar emoji and symbols
0

You can user the itertools module for this.

Basically, when doing permutations and combinations, this is a very useful place.


import itertools

portnames = ["PAN", "AMS", "CAS", "NYC", "HEL"]


x = itertools.permutations(portnames)
y = list(x)

# or this is you want to inspect the loop
# y = []
# for i in x:
#     y.append(i)

y

The result is a big list:

[('PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'HEL', 'CAS')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'HEL')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'HEL', 'AMS')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS')
('PAN', 'NYC', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'AMS', 'NYC', 'CAS')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'NYC')
('PAN', 'HEL', 'CAS', 'NYC', 'AMS')
...
..and so on

('HEL', 'NYC', 'PAN', 'CAS', 'AMS'),
 ('HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'PAN', 'CAS'),
 ('HEL', 'NYC', 'AMS', 'CAS', 'PAN'),
 ('HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'PAN', 'AMS'),
 ('HEL', 'NYC', 'CAS', 'AMS', 'PAN')]

As a side note, whilst your attempt was good, because the output is large and the number of recursions is large, you could get stack overflow.

There were two alternative things that you can do:

  • increase the limit of recursions
  • transform to a while or for loop.

However, the itertool.permutations option is most suitable.

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4 Comments

Instead of the for-loop, it would be faster to do y = list(x)
@Jasmijn yes, i actally only did the for loop becuase was printing out results or may want to do some extra code inside of the loop. But you are completely correct, list(x) would be sufficient.
@D.L. thanks that is very helpful, but it doesn't completely solve my problem because the course ordered me that task requires a function using recursion. In another meaning I can't change the function called "permutations".
@Gado, thank you for clarifying and the kind words. I guess for education purpose you need to know and understand recursion, but at the same time appreciate that there are alternative better methods. The answer above by Mulan is recursion, so compliments this.

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