One easy way that I've seen some companies do is to include a secret key. For example, you might have a secret=3CH6knCsYmvA2va8GrHk4mf3JqmUctCM parameter to your POST data. Then all you need at the top of receivedata.php is
if($_POST['secret'] != '3CH6knCsYmvA2va8GrHk4mf3JqmUctCM') {
header('HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden');
error_log("ERROR: wrong secret: " . $_POST['secret']);
exit("Access denied");
}
You can easily generate the random string from random.org.
Of course, this is not the most secure method and that string might well be stored in plaintext in the APK (don't use this to send launch codes!), but it's easy and good enough to keep most people out. This might be adequate for, say, sending player scores for a game.