You can't. Because you are not using /anything/bin/python. The vim binary is linked to the python interpreter library directly.
The library is called /usr/lib/libpythonX.Y.so.Z. E.g. /usr/lib/libpython2.7.so.1. It's a shared library, so you could use newer version of it (e.g. changing library paths), but only one that has the same numbers (X, Y and Z). So you can use python 2.7.3 instead of python 2.7.0, but to use python 2.7.3 instead of python 2.6.2, you'll have to recompile vim.
But I suspect you are just trying to do the things the wrong way around. You should simply try installing powerline into the python version vim uses.
powerline.ext.vimclearly indicates you have outdated version of powerline.