Reading non-fixed length from binary file (C)

without termination characters it is impossible.

If you dedicate some character to split data apart, then its possible.

for instance, 3 strings can be told apart by their \0. so you read until \0, three times.

You could read the file into a char* buffer, then replace any ; with \0 (the string termination character) and finally you take pointers of the begins of the fields into your struct:

struct student {
    char *coursecode;
    char *coursename;
    char *max_applicants;
    char *actual_applicants;
};

You might want to parse numeric fields with atoi first.

Piece of advice #1: if you're Hindi and you ever re-born, start by learning C, only then transition to C++.

Piece of advice #2: so if I understand correctly, you have four strings in a row, separated by semi-colons. Then you can use strtok_r() to split up each line and put the contents of the file in an array of structs (all error checking omitted for clarity, but you should definitely have some):

typedef struct {
    char *code;
    char *name;
    int max_appl;
    int cur_appl;
} Course;

char buf[1024];

FILE *f = fopen("courses.txt", "r");

size_t size = 0;
size_t allocsize = 8;
Course *c = malloc(allocsize * sizeof(*c));

char *end;

while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f) != NULL) {
    if (size >= allocsize) {
        allocsize <<= 1;
        c = realloc(c, allocsize * sizeof(*c));
    }

    c[size].code = strdup(strtok_r(buf, ";", &end));
    c[size].name = strdup(strtok_r(NULL, ";", &end));
    c[size].max_appl = strtol(strtok_r(NULL, ";", &end), NULL, 10);
    c[size].cur_appl = strtol(strtok_r(NULL, "\n", &end), NULL, 10);

    size++;
}

int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    Course *p = c + i;
    printf("%s\n%s\n%d\n%d\n\n", p->code, p->name, p->max_appl, p->cur_appl);
    free(p->code);
    free(p->name);
}

free(c);
fclose(f);