SQL - multiple columns into rows

You can simply use UNION ALL like this:

WITH cte AS (
    SELECT I.cd_curso, 
           I.cd_discip, 
           ND.ds_discip, 
           I.cd_turma_t, 
           I.cd_turma_p, 
           I.cd_turma_l, 
           I.cd_turma_tp, 
           I.cd_turma_e, 
           I.cd_turma_o, 
           I.cd_turma_c, 
           I.cd_turma_s, 
           Count(*) AS alunos 
    FROM   cse.v_vwinscri I, 
           cse.t_tbdiscip ND 
    WHERE  I.cd_lectivo = 201314 
           AND I.cd_discip = 911901 
           AND I.cd_discip = ND.cd_discip 
           AND I.cd_curso = 9885 
           AND ( I.cd_turma_t IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_p IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_l IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_tp IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_e IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_o IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_c IS NOT NULL 
                  OR I.cd_turma_s IS NOT NULL ) 
    GROUP  BY I.cd_curso, 
              I.cd_discip, 
              ND.ds_discip, 
              I.cd_turma_t, 
              I.cd_turma_p, 
              I.cd_turma_l, 
              I.cd_turma_tp, 
              I.cd_turma_e, 
              I.cd_turma_o, 
              I.cd_turma_c, 
              I.cd_turma_s)
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_t AS cd_trauma,
       alunos
FROM   cte
UNION ALL 
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_p,
       alunos
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_l,
       alunos 
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ND.ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_tp,
       alunos 
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_e, 
       alunos 
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_o, 
       alunos 
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_c, 
       alunos 
FROM   cte
UNION ALL
SELECT cd_curso, 
       cd_discip, 
       ds_discip, 
       cd_turma_s,
       alunos 
FROM   cte;