How to generate SSH key pairs with Python

Use cryptography! pycrypto is not in active development anymore and if possible you should be using cryptography. Since June it's possible to generate SSH public keys as well:

from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization as crypto_serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend as crypto_default_backend

key = rsa.generate_private_key(
    backend=crypto_default_backend(),
    public_exponent=65537,
    key_size=2048
)

private_key = key.private_bytes(
    crypto_serialization.Encoding.PEM,
    crypto_serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
    crypto_serialization.NoEncryption()
)

public_key = key.public_key().public_bytes(
    crypto_serialization.Encoding.OpenSSH,
    crypto_serialization.PublicFormat.OpenSSH
)

Note: You need at least version 1.4.0.

Note: If your SSH client does not understand this private key format, replace PKCS8 with TraditionalOpenSSL.

Just in case there are any future travellers looking to do this. The RSA module support writing out the public key in OpenSSH format now (possibly didn't at the time of earlier posts). So I think you can do what you need with:

from os import chmod
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

key = RSA.generate(2048)
with open("/tmp/private.key", 'wb') as content_file:
    chmod("/tmp/private.key", 0o600) #use an 0o prefix for octal integers
    content_file.write(key.exportKey('PEM'))
pubkey = key.publickey()
with open("/tmp/public.key", 'wb') as content_file:
    content_file.write(pubkey.exportKey('OpenSSH'))

The files are opened with a 'wb' as the keys must be written in binary mode. Obviously don't store you're private key in /tmp...

Edit 05/09/2012:

I just realized that pycrypto already has this:

import os
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

key = RSA.generate(2048, os.urandom)
print key.exportKey('OpenSSH')

This code works for me:

import os
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

key = RSA.generate(2048, os.urandom)

# Create public key.                                                                                                                                               
ssh_rsa = '00000007' + base64.b16encode('ssh-rsa')

# Exponent.                                                                                                                                                        
exponent = '%x' % (key.e, )
if len(exponent) % 2:
    exponent = '0' + exponent

ssh_rsa += '%08x' % (len(exponent) / 2, )
ssh_rsa += exponent

modulus = '%x' % (key.n, )
if len(modulus) % 2:
    modulus = '0' + modulus

if modulus[0] in '89abcdef':
    modulus = '00' + modulus

ssh_rsa += '%08x' % (len(modulus) / 2, )
ssh_rsa += modulus

public_key = 'ssh-rsa %s' % (
    base64.b64encode(base64.b16decode(ssh_rsa.upper())), )

The key used by ssh is just base64 encoded, i don't know M2Crypto very much, but after a quick overview it seems you could do what you want this way:

import os
from base64 import b64encode
from M2Crypto import RSA            

key = RSA.gen_key(1024, 65537)
raw_key = key.pub()[1]
b64key = b64encode(raw_key)

username = os.getlogin()
hostname = os.uname()[1]
keystring = 'ssh-rsa %s %s@%s' % (b64key, username, hostname)

with open(os.getenv('HOME')+'/.ssh/id_rsa.pub') as keyfile:
    keyfile.write(keystring)

I didn't test the generated key with SSH, so please let me know if it works (it should i think)

The base64 decoded version of ssh-keygen output to the contents of key.pub() the format of the keyfile is

b64encode('\x00\x00\x00\x07ssh-rsa%s%s' % (key.pub()[0], key.pub()[1]))

If you want, you could just also use ssh-keygen itself. You can extend this to also create your file, and just use open to read the content later, but i focused on creating a .pub key from an already existing key here.

from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
import os

home = f'{os.path.expanduser("~")}'
cert_pos = f'{home}/.ssh/my_key'
your_key_pw = ''

cmd = ['ssh-keygen', '-y', '-f', cert_pos]
if your_key_pw:
    cmd.append('-P')
    cmd.append(your_key_pw)

p = Popen(cmd, stdout=PIPE)
p.wait()
res, err = p.communicate()

cert_content = res.decode('utf-8')

Just guessing... but have you tried something like this?:

print "ssh-rsa " + "".join([ l.strip() for l in open('/tmp/my.key.pub') if not l.startswith('-----')])

Can you get the AAAA...Dfg== string out of it while it's an object? If so, you could simply open a file yourself and save that instead of using the built in save_pub_key function.

Here is an example using the Twisted Conch library which leverages PyCrypto under the covers. You can find the API documentation at http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.conch.ssh.keys.html:

from twisted.conch.ssh import keys

# one-time use key
k="""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
PRIVATE KEY STUFF
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"""

# create pycrypto RSA object
rsa = keys.RSA.importKey(k)

# create `twisted.conch.ssh.keys.Key` instance which has some nice helpers
key = keys.Key(rsa)

# pull the public part of the key and export an openssh version
ssh_public = key.public().toString("openssh")
print ssh_public

You can use pycryptodome as described in documentation:

from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

key = RSA.generate(2048)
private_key = key.export_key()
file_out = open("private.pem", "wb")
file_out.write(private_key)

public_key = key.publickey().export_key()
file_out = open("receiver.pem", "wb")
file_out.write(public_key)

pip install ssh-key-maker

import ssh_key_maker

#for windows users

ssh_key_maker.generate_ssh_key()