You need to register the shortcode properly, and make it return the data to display, not return a string with php code in it:
function location_date_func( $atts ){
//return string, dont echo it, so use get_field, not the_field
return get_field('location_date', 658);
}
//create function to register shortcode
function register_shortcodes(){
add_shortcode( 'location_date', 'location_date_func' );
}
// hook register function into wordpress init
add_action( 'init', 'register_shortcodes');
Or if you are using php 5.3+, you can use anonomous functions to acheive the same result:
add_action('init', function(){
add_shortcode('location_date', function(){
return get_field('location_date', 658);
});
});