Adding items to Swift array across multiple threads causing issues (because arrays aren't thread safe) - how do I get around that?

You have defined your blocksDispatchQueue to be a global queue. Updating this for Swift 3, the equivalent is:

private let queue = DispatchQueue.global()

func addBlockToArray(block: @escaping () -> Void) {
    queue.async {
        self.blocksArray.append(block)
    }
}

The problem is that global queues are concurrent queues, so you're not achieving the synchronization you want. But if you created your own serial queue, that would have been fine, e.g. in Swift 3:

private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.domain.app.blocks")

This custom queue is, by default, a serial queue. Thus you will achieve the synchronization you wanted.

Note, if you use this blocksDispatchQueue to synchronize your interaction with this queue, all interaction with this blocksArray should be coordinated through this queue, e.g. also dispatch the code to add the operations using the same queue:

func runBlocksInArray() {
    queue.async {
        for block in self.blocksArray {
            let operation = BlockOperation(block: block)
            self.blocksQueue.addOperation(operation)
        }
        
        self.blocksArray.removeAll()
    }
}

Alternatively, you can also employ the reader/writer pattern, creating your own concurrent queue:

private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.domain.app.blocks", attributes: .concurrent)

But in the reader-writer pattern, writes should be performed using barrier (achieving a serial-like behavior for writes):

func addBlockToArray(block: @escaping () -> Void) {
    queue.async(flags: .barrier) {
        self.blocksArray.append(block)
    }
}

But you can now read data, like above:

let foo = queue.sync {
    blocksArray[index]
}

The benefit of this pattern is that writes are synchronized, but reads can occur concurrently with respect to each other. That's probably not critical in this case (so a simple serial queue would probably be sufficient), but I include this read-writer pattern for the sake of completeness.

Another approach is NSLock’s withLock, which will balance the lock and unlock for you:

let lock = NSLock()

func addBlockToArray(block: @escaping () -> Void) {
    lock.withLock {
        blocksArray.append(block)
    }
}

But you can now read data, like above:

let foo = lock.withLock {
    blocksArray[index]
}

Historically NSLock was dismissed as being less performant, but nowadays it is even faster than GCD.

If you're looking for Swift 2 examples, see the previous rendition of this answer.

For synchronization between threads, use dispatch_sync (not _async) and your own dispatch queue (not the global one):

class MyArrayBlockClass {
    private var queue = dispatch_queue_create("andrew.myblockarrayclass", nil)

    func addBlockToArray(block: () -> Void) {
        dispatch_sync(queue) {
            self.blocksArray.append(block)
        } 
    }
    //....
}

dispatch_sync is nice and easy to use and should be enough for your case (I use it for all my thread synchronization needs at the moment), but you can also use lower-level locks and mutexes. There is a great article by Mike Ash about different choices: Locks, Thread Safety, and Swift

Create a serial queue and make changes to the array in that thread. Your thread creation call should be something like this

private let blocksDispatchQueue = dispatch_queue_create("SynchronizedArrayAccess", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL)

Then you can use it the same way how are right now.

func addBlockToArray(block: () -> Void) {
    dispatch_async(blocksDispatchQueue) {
        self.blocksArray.append(block)
    }
}

Details

• Xcode 10.1 (10B61)
• Swift 4.2

Solution

import Foundation

class AtomicArray<T> {

    private lazy var semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
    private var array: [T]

    init (array: [T]) { self.array = array }

    func append(newElement: T) {
        wait(); defer { signal() }
        array.append(newElement)
    }

    subscript(index: Int) -> T {
        get {
            wait(); defer { signal() }
            return array[index]
        }
        set(newValue) {
            wait(); defer { signal() }
            array[index] = newValue
        }
    }

    var count: Int {
        wait(); defer { signal() }
        return array.count
    }

    private func wait() { semaphore.wait() }
    private func signal() { semaphore.signal() }

    func set(closure: (_ curentArray: [T])->([T]) ) {
        wait(); defer { signal() }
        array = closure(array)
    }

    func get(closure: (_ curentArray: [T])->()) {
        wait(); defer { signal() }
        closure(array)
    }

    func get() -> [T] {
        wait(); defer { signal() }
        return array
    }
}

extension AtomicArray: CustomStringConvertible {
    var description: String { return "\(get())"}
}

Usage

The basic idea is to use the syntax of a regular array

let atomicArray = AtomicArray(array: [3,2,1])

 print(atomicArray)
 atomicArray.append(newElement: 1)

 let arr = atomicArray.get()
 print(arr)
 atomicArray[2] = 0

 atomicArray.get { currentArray in
      print(currentArray)
 }

 atomicArray.set { currentArray -> [Int] in
      return currentArray.map{ item -> Int in
           return item*item
      }
 }
 print(atomicArray)

Usage result

Full sample

import UIKit

class ViewController: UIViewController {

    var atomicArray = AtomicArray(array: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 100))

    let dispatchGroup = DispatchGroup()

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        arrayInfo()

        sample { index, dispatch in
            self.atomicArray[index] += 1
        }

        dispatchGroup.notify(queue: .main) {
            self.arrayInfo()
            self.atomicArray.set { currentArray -> ([Int]) in
                return currentArray.map{ (item) -> Int in
                    return item + 100
                }
            }
           self.arrayInfo()
        }

    }

    private func arrayInfo() {
        print("Count: \(self.atomicArray.count)\nData: \(self.atomicArray)")
    }

    func sample(closure: @escaping (Int,DispatchQueue)->()) {

        print("----------------------------------------------\n")

        async(dispatch: .main, closure: closure)
        async(dispatch: .global(qos: .userInitiated), closure: closure)
        async(dispatch: .global(qos: .utility), closure: closure)
        async(dispatch: .global(qos: .default), closure: closure)
        async(dispatch: .global(qos: .userInteractive), closure: closure)
    }

    private func async(dispatch: DispatchQueue, closure: @escaping (Int,DispatchQueue)->()) {

        for index in 0..<atomicArray.count {
            dispatchGroup.enter()
            dispatch.async {
                closure(index,dispatch)
                self.dispatchGroup.leave()
            }
        }
    }
}

Full sample result

NSOperationQueue itself is thread safe, so you could set suspended to true, add all the blocks you want from any thread, and then set suspended to false to run all the blocks.