Understanding the typeof operator in Javascript

Question

I came across the following table which states the internal [[Class]] property of an object and its corresponding value that the typeof operator returns.

Value               Class      Type
-------------------------------------
"foo"               String     string
new String("foo")   String     object
1.2                 Number     number
new Number(1.2)     Number     object
true                Boolean    boolean
new Boolean(true)   Boolean    object
new Date()          Date       object
new Error()         Error      object
[1,2,3]             Array      object
new Array(1, 2, 3)  Array      object
new Function("")    Function   function
/abc/g              RegExp     object (function in Nitro/V8)
new RegExp("meow")  RegExp     object (function in Nitro/V8)
{}                  Object     object
new Object()        Object     object

One thing to note here is the typeof correctly returns the primitive data types associated in Javascript.

However, it returns an object type for an array which inherits from the Array.prototype, but returns a function type for a function that is inheriting from the Function.prototype.

Given everything is an object in Javascript (including arrays, functions & primitive data type objects), I find this behaviour of the typeof operator very inconsistent.

Can someone throw some light on how the typeof operator works in reality?

you should consider instanceof when dealing with objects developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/… — ymz
– ymz, Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 12:06
There are only certain types with specific result. Every other type is considered an object. developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/… — Armin
– Armin, Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 12:09
If typeof returned object for everything, since everything is an object in javascript, it would be totally useless. — Erich Kitzmueller
– Erich Kitzmueller, Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 12:10
typeof is useful only when checking a non-declared variable. Use Object.prototype.toString.call(type) to get the "class". type here being whatever object or primitive you want to check. — Teemu
– Teemu, Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 12:14
JS history Tim has referred is shortly explained in this answer. — Teemu
– Teemu, Commented Feb 16, 2017 at 12:51

lonesomeday · Accepted Answer · 2017-02-16 12:20:28Z

5

This is slightly odd, idiosyncratic Javascript behaviour. It's inherited from the earliest days of Javascript and probably would not be written in such a way today.

Nonetheless, we are where we are with Javascript, so we have to deal with it!

The thing is that values in Javascript are either objects or they are primitives. This is a design decision. They cannot be anything else. The types of primitives are:

strings
numbers
booleans
symbols (from ES2015)
the special value undefined
the special value null (for which typeof also returns object)

Anything and everything else is an object. This is by design. Arrays are objects, so typeof returns object, as does every other object that is not callable (i.e. a function). See the spec for typeof.

The better question is to ask why you want to test if something is an array. You probably don't need to, especially as array-like objects such as NodeLists are not arrays but are like them in many ways.

The best solution in most cases is to call Array.from on the value supplied: then you know that it is an array.

answered Feb 16, 2017 at 12:20

lonesomeday

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2 Comments

nashcheez Over a year ago

To test an array I could rather use Array.isArray() or instanceof. Just wondering why the anomaly of return type for functions and arrays.

lonesomeday Over a year ago

@nashcheez The answer is the historical decision that arrays are not primitives.

Heretic Monkey · Accepted Answer · 2022-05-22 21:18:09Z

-2

Use typeof operator in JavaScript

'Typeof' is an operator which is used to return a string description of the type of a variable.

Example

console.log(typeof 42);
 output: "number"

console.log(typeof true);
 output: "boolean"

edited May 22, 2022 at 21:18

Heretic Monkey

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answered May 19, 2020 at 8:22

Arun

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