How can I call a shell command in my Perl script?

From Perl HowTo, the most common ways to execute external commands from Perl are:

• my $files = `ls -la` — captures the output of the command in $files
• system "touch ~/foo" — if you don't want to capture the command's output
• exec "vim ~/foo" — if you don't want to return to the script after executing the command
• open(my $file, '|-', "grep foo"); print $file "foo\nbar" — if you want to pipe input into the command

Examples

1. `ls -l`;
2. system("ls -l");
3. exec("ls -l");

As you become more experienced with using Perl, you'll find that there are fewer and fewer occasions when you need to run shell commands. For example, one way to get a list of files is to use Perl's built-in glob function. If you want the list in sorted order you could combine it with the built-in sort function. If you want details about each file, you can use the stat function. Here's an example:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;

foreach my $file ( sort glob('/home/grant/*') ) {
    my($dev,$ino,$mode,$nlink,$uid,$gid,$rdev,$size,$atime,$mtime,$ctime,$blksize,$blocks)
        = stat($file);
    printf("%-40s %8u bytes\n", $file, $size);
}

Look at the open function in Perl - especially the variants using a '|' (pipe) in the arguments. Done correctly, you'll get a file handle that you can use to read the output of the command. The back tick operators also do this.

You might also want to review whether Perl has access to the C functions that the command itself uses. For example, for ls -a, you could use the opendir function, and then read the file names with the readdir function, and finally close the directory with (surprise) the closedir function. This has a number of benefits - precision probably being more important than speed. Using these functions, you can get the correct data even if the file names contain odd characters like newline.

There are a lot of ways you can call a shell command from a Perl script, such as:

1. back tick ls which captures the output and gives back to you.
2. system system('ls');
3. open

Refer #17 here: Perl programming tips

I have been using system and qq to run linux programs inside perl. And it has worked well.

#!/usr/bin/perl   # A hashbang line in perl
    
use strict;       # It can save you a lot of time and headache
use warnings;     # It helps you find typing mistakes

# my keyword in Perl declares the listed variable

my $adduser = '/usr/sbin/adduser';
my $edquota = '/usr/sbin/edquota';
my $chage = '/usr/bin/chage';
my $quota = '/usr/bin/quota';
my $nomeinteiro;
my $username;
my $home;


# system() function executes a system shell command
# qq() can be used in place of double quotes

system qq($adduser --home $home --gecos "$fullname" $username);
system qq($edquota -p john $username);
system qq($chage -E \$(date -d +180days +%Y-%m-%d) $username);
system qq($chage -l $username);
system qq($quota -s $username);

You might want to look into open2 and open3 in case you need bidirectional communication.

Sometimes system() and qx// do not work as expected with a shell commands. See comment at https://stackoverflow.com/a/78496596/7297109.