I have this kind of data:

Is it possible to produce this XML file as output with a SQL query from that table?

Not sure what issues you actually had but you need to use for xml path() and nest them in a couple of sub-queries.
declare @T table(code varchar(30), amount money);
insert into @T(code, amount) values
('totalPAS', 389),
('sub270', 0),
('sub770', 0),
('sub270', 0);
select 'datfile' as '@objectCode',
(
select T.code as '@instanceCode',
'data_t' as '@objectCode',
(
select 'code' as 'ColumnValue/@name',
T.code as 'ColumnValue',
null,
'amount' as 'ColumnValue/@name',
T.amount as 'ColumnValue'
for xml path('CustomInformation'), type
)
from @T as T
for xml path('instance'), type
)
for xml path('customObjectInstances');
Result:
<data_t><code>subxxx</code><amount>123.00</amount><data_t/>.. but not like the result you expecting