You shouldn't be projecting into a List<T> - the ToList() does that. Basically, simplify:
var data = dbContext.Database.SqlQuery<Tuple<DateTime, string, string>>(...).ToList();
It might also work with value-tuples:
var data = dbContext.Database.SqlQuery<(DateTime, string, string)>(...).ToList();
which would also allow you to conceptually name them:
var data = dbContext.Database.SqlQuery<(DateTime Datum, string Text, string Bemerkung)>
(...).ToList();
Note: concatenating filter is almost certainly a SQL injection vulnerability; if looks like you should be using a SQL parameter there instead.
@Evk notes that EF might not support column-wise binding of tuples. If that is the case, then your best bet would be to create a POCO that matches the column definitions:
class Foo // rename me to something meaningful
{
// note: there may be custom attributes you can use
// to make these names less ugly, i.e.
// [Column("TEXT")] on a property called Text
public DateTime RMA_DATUM {get;set;}
public string TEXT {get;set;}
public string BEMERKUNG {get;set;}
}
and use SqlQuery<Foo>.
filterdirectly into the query string. That may or may not be all that's required - it's hard to tell with relatively little schema or type information.