Using Changing Integers with UserInput SQL database

You could perhaps use a TRIGGER SQL As Understood By SQLite - CREATE TRIGGER

For example, consider the following :-

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tasks;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tasks (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, user_reference INTEGER, priority DEFAULT 10);
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS set_task_priority;

-- Create the Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER IF NOT EXISTS set_task_priority 
    AFTER INSERT ON tasks
    WHEN ((SELECT count() FROM tasks WHERE user_reference = new.user_reference) > 3)
    BEGIN   
        UPDATE tasks SET priority = new.priority + (SELECT  count() FROM  tasks WHERE user_reference = new.user_reference)
        WHERE ID = new.ID
     ;
    END;

-- Add some data to test the trigger
INSERT INTO tasks (user_reference,name) VALUES 
    (1,'CLEAN'),(1,'TIDY'),(1,'VACUMN'),(1,'WASH'),(1,'THINK'),
    (2,'CLEAN'),(2,'TIDY'),(2,'VACUMN'),(2,'WASH'),
    (3,'CLEAN'),(3,'TIDY'),(3,'VACUMN'),(3,'WASH'),(3,'THINK'),(3,'STUDY'),
    (3,'CLEAN'),(3,'TIDY'),(3,'VACUMN'),(3,'WASH'),(3,'THINK'),(3,'STUDY'),
    (3,'CLEAN'),(3,'TIDY'),(3,'VACUMN'),(3,'WASH'),(3,'THINK'),(3,'STUDY'),
    (3,'CLEAN'),(3,'TIDY'),(3,'VACUMN'),(3,'WASH'),(3,'THINK'),(3,'STUDY')
;
INSERT INTO tasks (user_reference,name) VALUES (3,'SLEEP');
SELECT * FROM tasks;

• Note, this is not intended to be a solution to your issue (that as you say isn't explained), but an example of how a TRIGGER can automatically apply changes (in this case after a row has been inserted).

The following results in :-

You say

I'd like to know how I could associate an Integer with each individual task.

Each task in the above has it's own unique integer, the rowid id or in the case above id as an alias of the rowid. Rowid Tables.

Perhaps even something like :-

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tasks (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, user_reference INTEGER, priority DEFAULT (ABS(random() % 100)));