@Niklas D It would be easier to answer your question, if you can give some more context about the application or use case you want to solve.
Some further possibilities are:
Glue Code (I never did it with python and php only C++ with python, but you should be able to find examples on the internet e.g. https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratingPythonWithOtherLanguages#PHP )
Messaging Systems like RabbitMQ, ActiveMQ, ZeroMQ, etc.
Redis (I know you said except writing to a database, but Redis provides some features for publish subscribe https://redis.io/commands/pubsub which allows you to write to Redis from the one side and get data on the other side without polling the db all the time, which is the issue you have with using a database I guess) It's a bit easier to setup and use, than a messaging system.
TCP connection between the python and php application. https://medium.com/swlh/lets-write-a-chat-app-in-python-f6783a9ac170