Java 10 is not supported anymore and is removed from most of the PPAs. Do not use it if possible.
But if you still need specifically Java 10 you can take a look how it is installed on top of an Ubuntu image by AdoptOpenJDK project.
Your Dockerfile might look somewhat like this:
FROM python:3.6.6-stretch
RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* && apt-get clean && apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y \
&& apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends curl \
&& rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
RUN set -eux; \
curl -Lso /tmp/openjdk.tar.gz https://github.com/AdoptOpenJDK/openjdk10-releases/releases/download/jdk-10.0.2%2B13/OpenJDK10_x64_Linux_jdk-10.0.2%2B13.tar.gz; \
mkdir -p /opt/java/openjdk; \
cd /opt/java/openjdk; \
tar -xf /tmp/openjdk.tar.gz; \
jdir=$(dirname $(dirname $(find /opt/java/openjdk -name javac))); \
mv ${jdir}/* /opt/java/openjdk; \
rm -rf ${jdir} /tmp/openjdk.tar.gz;
ENV JAVA_HOME=/opt/java/openjdk \
PATH="/opt/java/openjdk/bin:$PATH"
Note: I dropped some SHA sum checks in favor of making the command shorter.