Docker file for running a Python program with parameters

First, fix the dockerfile:

FROM python:3.6
COPY . /app
WORKDIR /app
# optional: it is better to chain commands to reduce the number of created layers
RUN pip install --upgrade pip \
  && pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
# mandatory: "--s=smth" is one argument
# optional: it's better to use environment variables for source, database etc
CMD ["python","app.py","--s=(source)", "--d=(database)","--w=(workers)", "--b=(bucket)", "--e=(env)", "-w"]

then, build it:

docker build -f "<dockerfile path>" -t "<tag to assign>" "<build dir (eg .)>"

Then, you can just use the assigned tag as an image name:

docker run ... <tag assigned>

UPD: I got it wrong the first time, tag should be used instead of the image name, not the instance name

UPD2: With the first response, I assumed you're going to hardcode parameters and only mentioned it is better to use environment variables. Here is an example how to do it:

First, better, option is to use check environment variables directly in your Python script, instead of command line arguments.

First, make your Python script to read environment variables. The quickest dirty way to do so is to replace CMD with something like:

CMD ["sh", "-c", "python app.py --s=$SOURCE --d=$DATABASE --w=$WORKERS ... -w"]

(it is common to use CAPS names for environment variables) It will be better, however, to read environment variables directly in your Python script instead of command line arguments, or use them as defaults:

# somewere in app.py
import os
...
DATABASE = os.environ.get('DATABASE', default_value)  # can default ot args.d
SOURCE = os.environ.get('SOURCE')  # None by default
# etc

Don't forget to update dockerfile as well in this case

# Dockerfile:
...
CMD ["python","app.py"]

Finally, pass environment variables to your run command:

docker run --name=something ... -e DATABASE=<dbname> -e SOURCE=<source> ... <tag assigned at build>

There are more ways to pass environment variables, I'll just refer to the official documentation here: https://docs.docker.com/compose/environment-variables/