How to insert data from a table to postgres column

Assuming that the column roof_material is a foreign key to the material table, you can simply do this:

update buildings
  set roof_material = (random() * 7 + 1)::int;

That essentially hard codes the possible primary key values of the material table - which is good enough for a one-off update.

If you want to make that dynamic depending on the actual values in the material table you can use something like this:

with idlist as (
  select array_agg(id) mat_ids
  from material 
)
update building
  set roof_material = mat_ids[(random() * (cardinality(mat_ids) - 1) + 1)::int]
from idlist;

First the common table expression idlist collects all existing IDs from the material table into an array and the update statement then randomly picks elements from that array when updating the building table.

This can be tricky, because sometimes Postgres optimizations get in the way. One method uses a lateral join (or correlated subquery):

select gs.x, m.*
from generate_series(1, 100) gs(x) cross join lateral
     (select m.*
      from materials m
      where gs.x is not null
      order by random()
     ) m

The correlation clause (the where) is important because otherwise Postgres decides that it can run the subquery only once.

If you want an equal distribution of the values, then you can randomly enumerate each list and join them using modulo arithmetic:

with t as (
      select gs.x, row_number() over (order by random()) - 1 as seqnum
      from generate_series(1, 100) gs(x)
     ),
     m as (
      select m.*, row_number() over (order by random()) - 1 as seqnum,
             count(*) over () as num_materials
      from materials m
     )
select t.x, m.id, m.material
from t join
     m
     on t.seqnum % m.num_materials = m.seqnum
order by t.x;

Here is a db<>fiddle.