Firestore at the moment does not support this kind of query. But, a possible workaround is to store additional array of months in your document and perform:
db.collection("Users").document(mCurrentUser).collection("Dates").whereArrayContains("months", "12");
Another solution is similar to @Ruyut's answer. But this would retrieve all the documents in the collection and you would have to perform the filtering in the client-side which could possibly degrade performance if you have thousands of documents.
FirebaseFirestore.getInstance().collection("Users")
.get()
.addOnSuccessListener(
new OnSuccessListener<QuerySnapshot>() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(QuerySnapshot documentSnapshots) {
for (DocumentSnapshot ds : documentSnapshots.getDocuments()) {
// same code as @Ruyut's answer
}
}
}
);