Are you probably looking for Group-Object? It will include the Count of occurrences for each item:
gc file.log | group -NoElement | sort Count -Desc
Note that PowerShell works with objects, not text. So the result is actually a list of objects that have a Count and a Name property. Powershell tries its best to display the objects along with their properties in the console in a readable format and therefore truncates some of the values (for display only).
If you want the plain-text output exactly as in linux, you can add this:
gc file.log | group -NoElement | sort Count -Desc | foreach { "{0} {1}" -f $_.Count, $_.Name }
I would not recommend doing this though, if you want to process the results further. Working with objects, not text, is the "PowerShell way".