Java inheritance - Accessing parent and child class

Parent parent = new Child();

works because this is inheritance, bigger container (parent type reference variable) can accommodate child object but vise versa is not possible. All properties(methods) of parent are bound to be present in child as part of inheritance so

  Parent parent = new Child(); // works

but child can have additional things(methods/properties) not present in parent and that's why

     Child child = new Parent(); // doesn't work

    Child c = new Child(); vs Parent p = new Child();

this is part of polymorphism here's an example to explain, when Pet pet = new Dog(); and we call pet.makeSound() vrs Dog dog = new Dog(); and we call dog.makeSound()

 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;

abstract class Pet{
 public abstract void makeSound();
    }

 class Cat extends Pet{

     @Override
     public void makeSound() {
         System.out.println("Meow");
     }  
 }

 class Dog extends Pet{

     @Override
     public void makeSound() {
         System.out.println("Woof");
      }

    }

 public class PolymorphismDemo{

     public static void main(String args[]) {
         //Now Pet will show How Polymorphism work in Java
         List<Pet> pets = new ArrayList<Pet>();
         pets.add(new Cat());
         pets.add(new Dog());
 
         //pet variable which is type of Pet behave different based
         //upon whether pet is Cat or Dog
         for(Pet pet : pets){
             pet.makeSound();
         }

     }
 }

Output: Meow Woof

Firstly, you must understand what subclassing itself is.

If I have an object, let's say Tree, I may give that object a list of methods like plant(), water().

Then I want to define another class, AppleTree. Well an apple tree still needs to be planted and watered, so instead of copying that code from the Tree class, I'll just subclass it. So AppleTree extends Tree.

This means I can now call Tree's methods directly on an AppleTree object. Then maybe I'll add another method to AppleTree called harvest().

Now let's use this in another class. Maybe I have a class called Orchard that contains all my trees. Let's say I have 10 trees, and 2 of them are AppleTrees. In my orchard, I want to water all of my trees.

I can store all of my trees in an ArrayList like so:

ArrayList<Tree> trees = new ArrayList<Tree>();
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
{
    Tree t = new Tree();
    trees.add(t);
}

for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
    AppleTree a = new AppleTree();
    trees.add(a);
}

I can then iterate through each of my trees in my ArrayList and call water() on each one.

for(int i = 0; i < trees.size(); i++)
{
    trees.get(i).water();
}

However, now I want to harvest all of my trees, but only 2 of them are AppleTrees and know a harvest() method. So I can't do this:

for(int i = 0; i < trees.size(); i++)
{
    trees.get(i).harvest(); //compiler error
}

This is because my ArrayList holds a set of Tree pointers, which don't know a harvest() method. Not all of my Trees are AppleTrees, and the class signature of Tree does not match the class signature of AppleTree.

All AppleTree objects are Tree objects, so this is ok:

Tree t = new AppleTree();

However, not all Trees are AppleTrees, so this doesn't work:

AppleTree a = new Tree(); //error

It's important to note though, that if I define a Tree this way:

Tree t = new AppleTree();

Even though t contains an AppleTree object, I can't call t.harvest() without casting t to an AppleTree, because to the compiler, it's just a Tree and doesn't know the harvest() method.

So this will fail:

Tree t = new AppleTree();
t.harvest(); //error