Upload an excel file to backend in the form of binary data(using readAsArrayBuffer) in Javascript/Angular

Using Angular 2+, one way you can send the file to your server is using the FormData with HTTPClient (@angular/common/http). I'm presuming you are using TypeScript and when your clicking uploading you are calling a function called upload. So this is a simple example and you can take it as a reference and adapt to your case. The file will be sent as binary:

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

export class MyFormService {

 constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

 upload(data: IDataModel): Promise<IMyServerResponse> {
    return new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {
      const url = 'https://example.com/api/';

      const formData = new FormData();
     
     //If you have just an attachment consider this ---------------------------
     //As suggestion, encode or replace special characters from fileName.
     //The function this.parseFileName is basically doing it.
     const name = this.parseFileName(data.attachment.name);
     formData.append('attachment', data.attachment.file, name);
     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------


      //Or if you have multiple files, consider this one ---------------------
      //Pay attention to the [] after attachment;
      for (const item of data.attachmentList) {
        
        const name = this.parseFileName(item.name);
        formData.append('attachment[]', item.file, name);
      }
     //-----------------------------------------------------------------------

      //Here you post your form data with progress reporting -----------------
      await this._http.post(url, formData, { reportProgress: true, observe: 'events', responseType: 'json' })
        .subscribe(async event => {
            if (event.type === HttpEventType.UploadProgress) {
               //Here you can check the progress based on event.loaded 
               //divided by event.total and show to your user.
               
               //Code omitted 
               ...
               ...
            }

            if (event.type === HttpEventType.Sent) {
              //Here your data has been sent to the server.
              //So, based on your server, you can manipulate the request based on 
              //the form field.
            }

            if (event.type === HttpEventType.Response) {
              const serverResponse = event.body as IMyServerResponse;

              //Code omitted
              ...
              ...
              ...

              resolve(serverResponse);
            }
          },
          error => {
            let errorMessage;

            //Code omitted
            ...
            ...
            ...

            reject(error);
          });
    });
  }
}

Backend in PHP for receiving files:

<?php


namespace App\Http\Controllers;


use Exception;
use Illuminate\Http\JsonResponse;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Http\Response;

abstract class BaseController extends Controller
{

  //Attachment
  /**
   * @throws Exception
   */
  public function retrieveAttachment(string $id): Response
  {
    $parsedId = intval($id);

    if (is_null($id)) {
      throw new Exception("Empty ID");
    } else if (!is_numeric($parsedId)) {
      throw new Exception("Invalid ID");
    }

    $data = $this->show($parsedId);

    // File type
    $file_type = mime_content_type($data->icon);
    $data->file_type = $file_type;

    //File extension
    $tmp = explode('.', $data->icon);
    $file_ext = strtolower(end($tmp));

    //File content
    $fileData = fopen($data->icon, 'rb');
    $size = filesize($data->icon);
    $fileContent = fread($fileData, $size);
    fclose($fileData);
    
    
    return response()->make($fileContent, 200, [
      'Cache-Control' => 'no-cache private',
      'Content-Type' => $file_type,
      'Content-length' => strlen($fileContent),
      'file_name' => $data->name,
      'file_type' => $file_type,
      'file_size' => $size,
      'file_ext' => $file_ext,
      'Content-Transfer-Encoding' => 'binary',
      'Access-Control-Expose-Headers' => 'file_name, file_type, file_size, file_ext'
    ]);
  }
}

Backend in Javascript/Angular for Sharepoint on premises (<= 2019)

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Location } from '@angular/common';
import { ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';


import { SpCore } from 'my-beutiful-service.service';
import { sp } from '@pnp/sp/presets/core';
import "@pnp/sp/attachments";
//..
//..
//..
//.. other imports

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root'
})
export class CoreServicesDataSaveMainFormService {

  constructor(
  private _data: CoreServicesDataMainService,
  //...
  //...
  //Other components
  ) {}

    private populateFiles(attachmentsData: IAttachmentData[]): IAttachmentFileInfo[] {
        const attachments: IAttachmentFileInfo[] = [];
        const userAttachments: IAttachmentData[] = attachmentsData.filter(x => x.new);

        //This is the file received being prepared
        for (const attachment of userAttachments) {
          if (attachment.file != null) {
            const name = attachment.file.name;
            const content = new Blob([attachment.file], { type: attachment.file.type });
            attachments.push({ name, content });
          }
        }

        return attachments;
      }
    }

    private add(listItemId, listName, attachments, baseUrl) {
        const base = baseUrl == null ? SpCore.baseUrl : baseUrl;
        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
            sp.configure(SpCore.config, base).web.lists.getByTitle(listName).items.getById(listItemId).attachmentFiles.addMultiple(attachments)
                .then(() => {
                resolve({ code: 200, description: 'Success!', message: 'The attachments has been added successfully.' });
            })
                .catch(reason => {
                SpCore.showErrorLog(reason);
                reject([]);
            });
        });
    }

    private addAttachment(listItemId, listName, attachments, baseUrl) {
        const base = baseUrl == null ? SpCore.baseUrl : baseUrl;
        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
            sp.configure(SpCore.config, base).web.lists.getByTitle(listName).items.getById(listItemId).attachmentFiles.addMultiple(attachments)
            .then(() => {
                resolve({ code: 200, description: 'Success!', message: 'The attachments has been added successfully.' });
            })
            .catch(reason => {
                SpCore.showErrorLog(reason);
                reject([]);
            });
        });
    }

  async save() {
    const attachments: IAttachmentFileInfo[] = this.populateFiles(this._data.attachments);

    const data: IDatabaseFields = {
      field1: this._data.field1,
      field2: this._data.field2,
      field3: this._data.field3,
      field4: this._data.field4,
      field5: this._data.field5
    };

    try {
      //Creating item
      const iar: ItemAddResult | ISpCoreResult = await this.add(this._service.listName, data, this._environment.fullBaseUrl);
      this._loading.status('Item criado!');

      //Adding attachments to the sharepoint list item
      await this.addAttachment(id, this._service.listName, attachments, this._environment.fullBaseUrl);

      //Process
      this.processFinalEvents(returnToSource);      
    } catch (reason) {
      //..catch error
    } 
  }
}