Is there a way to get all attributes/methods/fields/etc. of an object in Python?
vars() is close to what I want, but it doesn't work unless an object has a __dict__, which isn't always true (e.g. it's not true for a list, a dict, etc.).
4 Answers
Use the built-in function dir().
4 Comments
SingleNegationElimination
note that the behavior of
dir() is often manipulated to show interesting attributes, rather than strictly all; for instance it doesn't show attributes inherited through a metaclass, or it may be overridden with a __dir__ method.
user541686
@TokenMacGuy: It's fine for what I need... thinking about it too much would give me a headache. ;)
fluffy
It also doesn't show introspection properties such as
func_defaults.
Mona Jalal
@mouad why do I get this though >> dir(pyrenderdoc) IronPython.Runtime.List ?
I use __dict__ and dir(<instance>)
Example:
class MyObj(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Chuck Norris'
self.phone = '+6661'
obj = MyObj()
print(obj.__dict__)
print(dir(obj))
# Output:
# obj.__dict__ --> {'phone': '+6661', 'name': 'Chuck Norris'}
#
# dir(obj) --> ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
# '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__',
# '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__',
# '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__',
# '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__',
# '__weakref__', 'name', 'phone']
2 Comments
strubbly
The OP specifically mentions that he is interested in cases where there is no
__dict__ - otherwise he could use vars
legend-is-back
vars() is close to what I want, but it doesn't work unless an object has a dict, which isn't always true (e.g. it's not true for a list, a dict, etc.). he clearly said that is NOT what he wants
What you probably want is dir().
The catch is that classes are able to override the special __dir__ method, which causes dir() to return whatever the class wants (though they are encouraged to return an accurate list, this is not enforced). Furthermore, some objects may implement dynamic attributes by overriding __getattr__, may be RPC proxy objects, or may be instances of C-extension classes. If your object is one these examples, they may not have a __dict__ or be able to provide a comprehensive list of attributes via __dir__: many of these objects may have so many dynamic attrs it doesn't won't actually know what it has until you try to access it.
In the short run, if dir() isn't sufficient, you could write a function which traverses __dict__ for an object, then __dict__ for all the classes in obj.__class__.__mro__; though this will only work for normal python objects. In the long run, you may have to use duck typing + assumptions - if it looks like a duck, cross your fingers, and hope it has .feathers.
3 Comments
thewhitetulip
what if I want to store the results returned by dir()?
Nick M
Not sure if this is what you're looking for, but...
attrs = dir(obj) will store the array of attributes as strings in attrs. Then to access them, you can always use getattr(obj, attrs[i]) to get the ith attribute in the attrs array.
Zhang LongQI
__dict__ this function really help me a lot.You can use dir(your_object) to get the attributes and getattr(your_object, your_object_attr) to get the values
usage :
for att in dir(your_object):
print (att, getattr(your_object,att))
3 Comments
veganaiZe
for attr in dir(obj): print(attr +'()') if callable(getattr(obj, attr)) else print(attr) # Will print parentheses immediately after any callables (functions, methods, classes, etc.)
Jason Angel
Btw, this formatting
print(f'{att} : {getattr(myobject,att)}\n') may help you to read better your ouput
theo olsthoorn
attribs = lambda obj: [o for o in dir(obj) if not o.startswith('_')] works fine for me.
attrsobject, there's__attrs_attrs__.