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I've been happily using the following style of constant string literals in my code for awhile, without really understanding how it works:

constexpr std::array myStrings = { "one", "two", "three" };

This may seem trivial, but I'm hazy on the details of what is going on under the hood. From my understanding, class template argument deduction (CTAD) is used to construct an array of the appropriate size and element type. My questions would be:

  1. What is the element type of the std::array in this case, or is this implementation specific? Looking at the debugger (I'm using Microsoft C++), the elements are just pointers to non-contiguous locations.
  2. Is it safe to declare constexpr arrays of string literals in this way?

I could do this instead, but it's not as tidy:

const std::array<std::string, 3> myOtherStrings = { "one", "two", "three" };
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3 Answers 3

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4

As user17732522 already noted, the type deduction for your original code produces a const std::array<const char*, 3>. This works, but it's not a C++ std::string, so every use needs to scan for the NUL terminator, and they can't contain embedded NULs. I just wanted to emphasize the suggestion from my comment to use std::string_view.

Since std::string inherently relies on run-time memory allocation, you can't use it unless the entirety of the associated code is also constexpr (so no actual strings exist at all at run-time, the compiler computes the final result at compile-time), and that's unlikely to help you here if the goal is to avoid unnecessary runtime work for something that is partially known at compile time (especially if the array gets recreated on each function call; it's not global or static, so it's done many times, not just initialized once before use).

That said, if you can rely on C++17, you can split the difference with std::string_view. It's got a very concise literal form (add sv as a prefix to any string literal), and it's fully constexpr, so by doing:

// Top of file
#include <string_view>
// Use one of your choice:
using namespace std::literals; // Enables all literals
using namespace std::string_view_literals; // Enables sv suffix only
using namespace std::literals::string_view_literals; // Enables sv suffix only

// Point of use
constexpr std::array myStrings = { "one"sv, "two"sv, "three"sv };

you get something that involves no runtime work, has most of the benefits of std::string (knows its own length, can contain embedded NULs, accepted by most string-oriented APIs), and therefore operates more efficiently than a C-style string for the three common ways a function accepts string data:

  1. For modern APIs that need to read a string-like thing, they accept std::string_view by value and the overhead is just copying the pointer and length to the function
  2. For older APIs that accept const std::string&, it constructs a temporary std::string when you call it, but it can use the constructor that extracts the length from the std::string_view so it doesn't need to prewalk a C-style string with strlen to figure out how much to allocate.
  3. For any API that needs a std::string (because it will modify/store its own copy), they're receiving string by value, and you get the same benefit as in #2 (it must be built, but it's built more efficiently).

The only case where you do worse by using std::string_views than using std::string is case #2 (where if the std::array contained std::strings, no copies would occur), and you only lose there if you make several such calls; in that scenario, you'd just bite the bullet and use const std::array myStrings = { "one"s, "two"s, "three"s };, paying the minor runtime cost to build real strings in exchange for avoiding copies when passing to old-style APIs taking const std::string&.

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2

Yes, this is CTAD deducing the template arguments for you. (since C++17)

std::array has a deduction guide which enables CTAD with this form of initializer.

It will deduce the type of myStrings to

const std::array<const char*, 3>

The const char* is the result of usual array-to-pointer decay being applied to the elements of the initializer list (which are arrays of const chars).

const in front is a consequence of constexpr.

Each element of the array will point to the corresponding string literal.

constexpr is safe and you can use the array elements as you would individual string literals via const char* pointer. In particular trying to modify these literals or the array via const_cast will have undefined behavior though.

const std::array<std::string, 3> also works, but will not be usable in constant expressions. constexpr is not allowed on this because of std:string.

CTAD can also be used to deduce this type though with the help of string literal operators:

#include<string>
using namespace std::string_literals;

//...

const std::array myOtherStrings = { "one"s, "two"s, "three"s };

or since C++20:

const auto myOtherStrings = std::to_array<std::string>({ "one", "two", "three" });
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3 Comments

operator""s for std::string is constexpr since C++20 so presumably constexpr could be used with a new enough compiler. Or since C++17, they could use sv suffix to make them all std::string_view literals (which were constexpr from the start).
@ShadowRanger It is usable inside constant expressions since C++20, but you still can't have a constant-initialized std::string, so constexpr still won't work. std::string_view/sv will work as an alternative similar to const char* adding size information and can be constexpr.
I'll buy that (haven't used/grok-ed modern constexpr enough, and std::string does seem a weird one for it to work in general, given the inherently runtime nature of memory allocation for the data, ignoring the SSO). But yeah, in real code, as long as the users aren't going down to the NUL-terminated C-style string level, I just put the sv prefix on everything; why make everything that uses it compute the length (or repeatedly check for NUL as it traverses the string) when you can bake the length in at compile-time and avoid every runtime strlen check?
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I want to point out that if you want to initially populate your array with some null pointers that CTAD doesn't work unless the compiler knows that the pointer is the same type as your character data, so

std::array a = { "value", nullptr, "stuff" };

doesn't work because the compiler doesn't know what type the null pointer should be associated with, but

std::array b = { reinterpret_cast<const char*>(nullptr), "more" };

does work because the compiler can see the null pointer is associated with const char* values.

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